Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Shredded Rubber on Undrained Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Sands

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In many urban cities due to the enormous growth in the number of vehicles, scrap rubber disposal has been a critical environmental problem. In recent years, important research efforts have been dedicated to investigating the use of scrap rubbers in civil engineering applications, like recycling or reuse of scrap rubbers is the preferred possibility from a waste management perspective. This study furthers the knowledge of the undrained shear strength in clean and mixed well-sorted sands (different shape properties) with waste sand-sized rubber. For this purpose, shredded rubber content varies from 0 to 25% and initial effective consolidation stress of 100 to 300 kPa. Thirty-six undrained shear tests (CU) were conducted using a triaxial apparatus. On randomly mixing sands with shredded rubber, a dilative and strain-hardening and softening behavior governed, and undrained strength generally decreased. The results indicated that undrained shear strength is augmented with the growth of the effective mean stress. Peak index and Young’s modulus decreased, and flow potential increased with shredded rubber content increment in composite specimens. The undrained shear strength parameters (qpeak and qf) across 200 and 300 kPa effective mean stress were higher in the sand with a large angularity (low rr and rs). Further, a decrease in particle shape scale (rs and rr) ratios caused an increase in peak index and elasticity modulus and reduced occurrence in flow potential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmed, I.: Laboratory Study of Properties of Rubber-Soils. Final report. Purdue University, Indiana Department of Transportation (1993)

  • Albano, C., Camacho, N., Reyes, J., Feliu, J.L., Hernandez, M.: Influence of scrap rubber addition to Portland concrete composites: destructive and non-destructive testing. Compos. Struct. 71(3–4), 439–446 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardeshiri-Lajimi, S., Yazdani, M., Assadi Langroudi, A.: A study on the liquefaction risk in seismic design of foundations. Geomech. Eng. 11, 805–820 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM: Standard D4767, Standard test method for consolidated undrained triaxial compression test for cohesive soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergado, D.: Strength and deformation characteristics of flat and cubical rubber tyre chip-sand mixtures. Geotechnique. 55(8), 603–606 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergado, D.T., Lornzo, G.A., Balasubramaniam, A.S.: Compression mechanism of deep mixing improved clay ground. Deep mixing 2005, Stockholm (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabalar, A.F., Karabash, Z.: Stabilizing California bearing ratio of a subgrade soil using waste tire and cement addition. J. Test. Eval. ASTM. 43(6), 1279–1287 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chian, S.C., Tokimatsu, K., Madabhushi, S.P.G.: Soil liquefaction-induced uplift of underground structures: physical and numerical modeling. Geotechn. Geoenviron. Eng. ASCE. 140(10), 04014057 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Consoli, N.C., Casagrande, M.D., Coop, M.R.: Effect of fiber reinforcement on the isotropic compression behavior of a sand. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 131(11), 1434–1436 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • DEFRA: Department for environment food and rural affairs (2015)

  • De Bosscher, K., Leinhard-Schmitz, M., Vanden Berghe, W., Plaisance, S., Fiers, W.: Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of nuclear factor-B-dependent transcription involves direct interference with transactivation. PNAS. 94, 13504–13509 (1997)

  • Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J.: Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures. Geotech. Test. J. 17(4), 453–464 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldin, N.N., Senouci, A.B.: Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 5(4), 478–496 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Folk, R.L., Ward, W.C.: Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J. Sediment. Petrol. 27, 3–26 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Foose, G.J., Benson, C.H., Bosscher, P.J.: Sand reinforced with shredded waste tyres. J. Geotech. Eng. 122(9), 760–767 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghazavi, M., Sakhi, M.A.: Influence of optimized tire shreds on shear strength parameters of sand. Int. J. Geomech. 5(1), 58–65 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennebert, E., Wattiez, R., Demeuldre, M., Ladurner, P., Hwang, D.S., Waite, J.H., Flammang, P.: Sea star tenacity mediated by a protein that fragments, then aggregates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111, 6317–6322 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140008911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hight, D.W., Bennell, J.D., Chana, B., Davis, P.D., Jardine, R.J., Porovi_ E.: Wave velocity and stiffness measurements of the crag and lower London tertiaries at Sizewell. Geotechnique. 47, 451–474 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, H.M., Chan, M.C.: The potential of using rubber chips as a soft clay stabilizer enhancing agent. Mod. Appl. Sci. 4(10), 122 (2010)

  • Humphrey, D. N., et al.: Shear strength and compressibility of the tyre chips for use as retaining wall backfill. Transportation Research Record No. 1422, Lightweight Artificial and Waste Materials for Embankments over Soft Soils, pp. 29–35. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, (1993)

  • Humphrey, D.N., Katz, L.E., Blumenthal, M.: Water Quality Effects of Tire Chip Fills Placed above the Groundwater Table. Symp. on Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials. ASTM, West Conshohocken (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara, K.: Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. 33rd Rankine Lecture. Gιotechnique. 43(3), 351–415 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferies, M., Been, K.: Soil Liquefaction – a Critical State Approach, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khayat, N., Ghalandarzadeh, A., Jafari, M.K.: Grain shape effect on the anisotropic behavior of silt-sand mixture. Geotech. Eng. J. 167, 281–296 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.11.00093

  • Kim, H.K., Santamarina, J.C.: Sandrubber mixtures (large rubber chips). Can. Geotech. J. 45(10), 1457–1466 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, T.Y., Kang, S.H., Jo, Y.K.: Shear Properties of Waste Tire-Bottom Ash Mixture with Various Particle Sizes of Waste Tire. Geomech Geotech. (2011) ISBN 978-0-415-61295-1

  • Kim, K.S., Yoon, Y.W., Song, K.I.: Pullout resistance of treadmats for reinforced soil structures. Geomech. Eng. 14(1), 83–90 (2018)

  • Kramer, S.L., Seed, H.B.: Initiation of soil liquefaction under static loading conditions. J. Geotech. Eng. 114, 412–430 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lade, P.V., Ibsen, L.B.: A Study of the Phase Transformation and the Characteristic Lines of Sand Behaviour. International Symposium on Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics, Nagoya (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.S., Lee, H., Moon, J.S., Jung, H.W.: Development of tire-added latex concrete. ACI Mater. J. 95–4, 356–364 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, M., Rosser, N.J., Petley, D.N., Keen, M.: Quantifying the controls and influence of tide and wave impacts on coastal rock cliff erosion. J. Coast. Res. 27(1), 46–56 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.S., Mead, J.L., Stacer, R.G.: Environmental effects of recycled rubber in light-fill applications. Rubber Chem. Technol. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 551–564 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marie, I., Quiasrawi, H.: Close-loop recycling of recycled concrete aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. 37, 243–248 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G.R.: Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading. J. Geotech. Div. ASCE. 101(GT5), 423–438 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Masad, E., Taha, R., Ho, C., Papagiannakis, T.: Engineering properties of tire/soil mixture as a lightweight material. Geotech Test J. 19(3), 294–304 (1996)

  • Mashiri, M.S., Vinod, J.S., Neaz Sheikh, M., Carraro, J.A.H.: Shear Modulus of Sand-Tyre Chip Mixtures. Environ. Geotech. (2017)

  • Mirzababaei, M., Mohamed, M.H., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., Anggraini, V.: Practical approach to predict the shear strength of fibre-reinforced clay. Geosynth. Int. 25(1), 50–66 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngo, A.T., Valdes, J.R.: Creep of sand-rubber mixtures. J. Mater. Civil Eng. 19(12), 1101–1105 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahgozar, M.A., Saberian, M.: Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips. Mires Peat. 18, 1–12 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, G.V., Dutta, R.K.: Compressibility and strength behaviour of sand-tyre chip mixtures. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 24(3), 711e24 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, B.S., Kumar, P.D., Krishna, M.A.: Evaluation of the optimum mixing ratio of a sand-tire chips mixture for geoengineering applications. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28(2), (2016)

  • Sabbar, A.S., Chegenizadeh, A., Nikraz, H.: Static liquefaction of very loose sand–slag–bentonite mixtures. Soils Found. 57(3), 341–356 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield A.N., Wroth, C.P.: Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw-Hill, London (1968)

  • Seda, H. J., Lee, C. J., Carraro, H. A.: Beneficial use of waste tire rubber for swelling potential mitigation in expansive soils. In: Proceedings of the Geo-Denver, Denver, 18–21 February 2007

  • Shahin, A.M., Mardesic, T., Nikraz, R.H.: Geotechnical characteristics of bauxite residue sand mixed with crumbed rubber from recycle car tires. J. GeoEng. 6(1), 63–72 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Signes, C.H., Garzon-Roca, J., Fernandez, P.M., Torre, M.E.G., Franco, R.I.: Swelling potential reduction of Spanish argillaceous marlstone facies tap soil through the addition of crumb rubber particles from scrap tyres. Appl. Clay Sci. 132-133, 768–773 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriano, I., Ibraim, E., Andò, E., Diambra, A., Laurencin, T., Moro, P., Viggiani, G.: 3D fibre architecture of fibre-reinforced sand. Granul. Matter. 19(4), 75 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, H., Yang, J., Ling, T., Ghataora, G., Dirar, S.: Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles of uniform and varying sizes. J. Clean. Prod. 91, 288–296 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Terzi, N.U., Erenson, C., Selcuk, M.E.: Geotechnical properties of tire-sand mixtures as backfill material for buried pipe installations. Geomech. Eng. 9(4), 447–464 (2015). https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.4.447

  • Teymur, B., Atapek, A.B.: Mechanical properties of used tire granulates, sand and cement mixtures. In: Proceedings of the GeoShanghai International Conference, Shanghai, 3–5 June 2010

  • Topçu, I.B.: The properties of rubberized concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 25(2), 304–310 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Trouzine, H., Bekhiti, M., Asroun, A.: Effects of scrap tyre rubber fibre on swelling behaviour of two clayey soils in Algeria. Geosynth. Int. 19(2), 124–132 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaid, Y.P., Sivathayalan, S.: Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands. Can. Geotech. J. 37, 592–606 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Viridis, T.R.L.: Civil engineering applications of tyres (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Wei, L.M.: Collapse of loose sand with the addition of fines: the role of particle shape. Géotechnique. 62(12), 1111–1125 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimine, M., Ishihara, K.: Flow potential of sands during liquefaction. Soils Found. 38(3), 189–198 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_189

  • Yoshimine, M., Ishihara, K., Vargas, W.: Effects of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrained shear behavior of sand. Soils Found. 38(3), 179–188 (1998)

  • Yoshimine, M., Robertson, P.K., Wride, C.E.: Undrained shear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction. Cana. Geotech. J. 36, 891–906 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Youwai, S., Bergado, D.T.: Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire - sand mixtures. Can. Geotech. J. 40(2), 254–264 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zornberg, J.G., Cabral, A.R., Viratjandr, C.: Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures. Can. Geotech. J. 41(2), 227e41 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Urmia University, 15 Km Sero way, Oroumieh, Iran

    Soheil Ghadr & Armin Javan

Authors
  1. Soheil Ghadr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Armin Javan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soheil Ghadr.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghadr, S., Javan, A. Effect of Shredded Rubber on Undrained Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Sands. Transp. Infrastruct. Geotech. 7, 562–589 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-020-00106-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-020-00106-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation