Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multi-stage mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of composite interference-fit joints subject to long-term low-temperature aging

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite joint structures based on interference fit exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to equivalent joint geometries utilizing clearance fits. The present research investigates the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of CFRP interference-fit joints subject to long-term exposure to low temperatures. A series of studies were designed to examine with interference-fit sizes ranging from 0 to 2.11%, subjected to temperatures between − 60 and 20 °C, and aging periods from 0 to 18 months. Tensile tests were conducted on these samples. Using a microscale analysis, three-dimensional representative volume elements (3D-RVEs) models were constructed to analyze the internal state, distribution of thermal residual stress, and damage initiation mechanism of CFRP subjected to low-temperature exposure. The results show that the strength and stiffness of the CFRP joints initially increase, reach a peak, and subsequently decrease with an increase in either the interference-fit size or aging time. The strength and stiffness of the considered geometries exhibit an approximately linear increase with decreasing temperature. Inside the CFRP, exposure to low temperatures causes the formation of thermal residual stress, which is particularly high in areas with closely spaced fibers. Short-term low temperature enhances the bonding force between the fiber and matrix, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the CFRP interference-fit joint structures. Following prolonged exposure to low temperatures, the debonding cracks formation increase in regions with concentrated residual stress, thereby decreasing the strength and stiffness of the structure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zhang J, Rao J, Ma L, Wen X (2022) Investigation of the damping capacity of CFRP raft frames. Materials 15(2):653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Altin M, Motorcu AR, Gökkaya H (2020) Optimization of machining parameters for kerf angle and roundness error in abrasive water jet drilling of CFRP composites with different fiber orientation angles. J Braz Soc Mech Sci 42:173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sethi S, Ray BC (2015) Environmental effects on fibre reinforced polymeric composites: evolving reasons and remarks on interfacial strength and stability. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 217:43–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mára V, Michalcová L, Kadlec M, Krčil J, Špatenka P (2021) The effect of long-time moisture exposure and low temperatures on mechanical behavior of open-hole Cfrp laminate. Polym Composite 42(7):3603–3618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu Y, Wang M, Tian W, Qi B, Lei Z, Wang W (2019) Ohmic heating curing of carbon fiber/carbon nanofiber synergistically strengthening cement-based composites as repair/reinforcement materials used in ultra-low temperature environment. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 125:105570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hu Y, Cheng F, Ji Y, Yuan B, Hu X (2020) Effect of aramid pulp on low temperature flexural properties of carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Compos Sci Technol 192:108095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ge J, Cheng G, Su Y, Zou Y, Ren C, Qin X, Wang G (2022) Effect of cooling strategies on performance and mechanism of helical milling of CFRP/Ti–6Al–4V stacks. Chin J Aeronaut 35(2):388–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zaoutsos S, Zilidou M (2017) Influence of extreme low temperature conditions on the dynamic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 276:012024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wilson PR, Cinar AF, Mostafavi M, Meredith J (2018) Temperature driven failure of carbon epoxy composites—a quantitative full-field study. Compos Sci Technol 155:33–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dutta P, Hui D (1996) Low-temperature and freeze-thaw durability of thick composites. Compos Part B Eng 27(3–4):371–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Takeda T, Shindo Y, Narita F (2012) Three-dimensional stress analysis of cracked satin woven carbon fiber reinforced/polymer composites under tension at cryogenic temperature. Jpn Soc Mech Eng 47:84–85

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wei Z, Takeda T, Narita F, Shindo Y (2014) Flexural fatigue performance and electrical resistance response of carbon nanotube-based polymer composites at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics 59:44–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu PF, Liao BB, Jia LY, Peng XQ (2016) Finite element analysis of dynamic progressive failure of carbon fiber composite laminates under low velocity impact. Compos Struct 149:408–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhao Y, Chen Y, Ai S, Fang D (2019) A diffusion, oxidation reaction and large viscoelastic deformation coupled model with applications to SiC fiber oxidation. Int J Plast 118:173–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yan M, Jiao W, Yang F, Ding G, Zou H, Xu Z, Wang R (2019) Simulation and measurement of cryogenic-interfacial-properties of T700/modified epoxy for composite cryotanks. Mater Des 182:108050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ren M, Zhang X, Huang C, Wang B, Li T (2019) An integrated macro/micro-scale approach for in situ evaluation of matrix cracking in the polymer matrix of cryogenic composite tanks. Compos Struct 216:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Meng J, Wang Y, Yang H, Wang P, Lei Q, Shi H, Lei H, Fang D (2020) Mechanical properties and internal microdefects evolution of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: cryogenic temperature and thermocycling effects. Compos Sci Technol 191:108083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wu Q, Ogasawara T, Yoshikawa N, Zhai H (2018) Stress evolution of amorphous thermoplastic plate during forming process. Materials 11(4):464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu Q, Zhai H, Yoshikawa N, Ogasawara T (2020) Localization simulation of a representative volume element with prescribed displacement boundary for investigating the thermal residual stresses of composite forming. Compos Struct 235:111723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu Q, Yoshikawa N, Zhai H (2020) Composite forming simulation of a three-dimensional representative model with random fiber distribution. Comput Mater Sci 182:109780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Solati A, Hamedi M, Safarabadi M (2019) Combined GA-ANN approach for prediction of HAZ and bearing strength in laser drilling of GFRP composite. Opt Laser Technol 113:104–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Solati A, Hamedi M, Safarabadi M (2019) Comprehensive investigation of surface quality and mechanical properties in CO2 laser drilling of GFRP composites. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 102:791–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nazari F, Safarabadi M (2018) Experimental and numerical investigation of loading speed effect on the bearing strength of glass/epoxy composite joints. Compos Struct 195:211–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Yang L, Li Z, Xu H, Wu Z (2019) Prediction on residual stresses of carbon/epoxy composite at cryogenic temperature. Polym Compos 40:3412–3420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hu J, Zhang K, Cheng H, Qi Z (2020) Mechanism of bolt pretightening and preload relaxation in composite interference-fit joints under thermal effects. J Compos Mater 54(30):002199832094121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Li J, Lai X, Zou P, Guo W, Tang C (2021) Effect of imbalanced interface pre-tightening force on the bearing behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer interference-fit lap joint. Adv Mech Eng 13(4):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zuo Y, Yue T, Jiang R, Cao Z, Yang L (2022) Bolt insertion damage and mechanical behaviors investigation of CFRP/CFRP interference fit bolted joints. Chin J Aeronaut 35(9):354–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Klinkova O, Rech J, Drapier S, Bergheau J (2011) Characterization of friction properties at the workmaterial/cutting tool interface during the machining of randomly structured carbon fibers reinforced polymer with carbide tools under dry conditions. Tribol Int 44(12):2050–2058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Chardon G, Klinkova O, Rech J, Drapier S, Bergheau J (2015) Characterization of friction properties at the work material/cutting tool interface during the machining of randomly structured carbon fibers reinforced polymer with poly crystalline diamond tool under dry conditions. Tribol Int 81:300–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Schön J (2000) Coefficient of friction of composite delamination surfaces. Wear 237(1):77–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Belingardi G, Mehdipour H, Mangino E, Martorana B (2016) Progressive damage analysis of a rate-dependent hybrid composite beam. Compos Struct 154:433–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cheng H, Gao J, Kafka OL, Zhang K, Luo B, Liu W (2017) A micro-scale cutting model for UD CFRP composites with thermo-mechanical coupling. Compos Sci Technol 153:18–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Naik N, Shankar P, Kavala V, Ravikumar G, Pothnis J, Arya H (2011) High strain rate mechanical behavior of epoxy under compressive loading: experimental and modeling studies. Mater Sci Eng A Struct 528(3):846–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Yan X, Reiner J, Bacca M, Altintas Y, Vaziri R (2019) A study of energy dissipating mechanisms in orthogonal cutting of UD-CFRP composites. Compos Struct 220:460–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Benzeggagh M, Kenane M (1996) Measurement of mixed-mode delamination fracture toughness of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites with mixed-mode bending apparatus. Compos Sci Technol 56(4):439–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wu Y, Chen M, Chen M, Ran Z, Zhu C, Liao H (2017) The reinforcing effect of polydopamine functionalized graphene nanoplatelets on the mechanical properties of epoxy resins at cryogenic temperature. Polym Test 58:262–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zou P, Chen X, Chen H, Xu G (2020) Damage propagation and strength prediction of a single-lap interference-fit laminate structure. Front Mech Eng 15(4):558–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. This research is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2021J011089). We also acknowledge that part of the contributions for this research was funded and supported by the Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project, China (2022ZY1026)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410006, China

    Jian Li & Zhihui Zhou

  2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Welding Quality Intelligent Evaluation, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China

    Jian Li, Wei Guo & Yibiao Fan

  3. Hangzhou Yitong New Materials Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311600, China

    Jian Li

  4. National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, Xi’an, 710065, Shaanxi, China

    Peng Zou

Authors
  1. Jian Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peng Zou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhihui Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yibiao Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jian Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Additional information

Technical Editor: João Marciano Laredo dos Reis.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, J., Guo, W., Zou, P. et al. Multi-stage mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of composite interference-fit joints subject to long-term low-temperature aging. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 45, 602 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04439-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04439-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation