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A review of thermal management methods for electric vehicle batteries based on heat pipes and PCM

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Abstract

One of the most recent fields to emerge in this era of a sustainable energy revolution is energy storage in batteries. These days, electric vehicles use batteries more than ever. Lithium-ion batteries stand out as exceptional energy storage devices in this context and have been widely used due to their multiple impressive advantages. However, lithium-ion batteries are temperature sensitive, so the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essentially used in electric vehicles. The operating temperature range of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery is 15–35 °C, achieved using a battery thermal management system (BTMS). Also, internal heat generation due to charging and discharging affects the performance of the lithium-ion batteries. Hence, a battery thermal management system is required. This paper comprehensively reviews all experimental and numerical analyses conducted on heat pipe-based BTMS techniques for electric and hybrid vehicles. Research on flat heat pipes, oscillating heat pipes, micro-heat pipes, and hybrid (HP + PCM) battery thermal management systems are discussed in this review article. Based on the review, it is determined that heat pipe-based hybrid (HP + PCM) battery thermal management systems perform significantly better than other BTMSs. Finally, an ongoing analysis describes the potential advantages, difficulties, and future opportunities for using heat pipes in TMS to enhance the installation and operation of EVs.

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Abbreviations

Cp:

Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg K)

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

P :

Power (W)

Q :

Energy density (Wh/kg)

t :

Time (min)

T :

Temperature (K)

V :

Voltage (V)

ρ :

Density (kg/m3)

Δ:

Difference

σ :

Surface tension (N/m)

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)

max:

Maximum

BTMS:

Battery thermal management system

BMS:

Battery management system

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

EV:

Electric vehicle

EG:

Expanded graphite

FR:

Filling ratio

HEV:

Hybrid electric vehicles

HP:

Heat pipe

HP-CP:

Heat pipe cold plate

HP-PCMP:

Heat pipe–phase change material plate

HPCD:

Heat pipe cooling devices

HPTMS:

Heat pipe thermal management system

LiB:

Lithium-ion battery

MHPA:

Micro-heat pipe array

MR:

Mixing ratio

NePCMs:

Nano-enhanced phase change materials

NPs:

Nanoparticles

NFs:

Nanofluids

OHP:

Oscillating heat pipe

PHEV:

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

PCM:

Phase change material

PHP:

Pulsating heat pipe

SOC:

State of charge

TMS:

Thermal management system

TCE:

Thermal conductivity enhancers

ULHP:

Ultra-loop heat pipe

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India

    Vivek Thawkar & A. S. Dhoble

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  1. Vivek Thawkar
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Thawkar, V., Dhoble, A.S. A review of thermal management methods for electric vehicle batteries based on heat pipes and PCM. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 45, 90 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04021-3

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