Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Electric vehicle battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system and drivetrain optimization for a real-world urban driving scenario

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A battery has normally a high energy density with low power density, while an ultracapacitor has a high power density but a low energy density. Therefore, this paper has been proposed to associate more than one storage technology generating a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which has battery and ultracapacitor, whose objective is to improve the electric vehicle (EV) driving range. The HESS parameters have been evaluated in a configuration of EV powered by two in-wheel electric motors, coupled straight into the front wheels, and by a unique EM, connected to a differential transmission to drive the rear wheels. Moreover, this paper considers a real-world drive cycle based on the urban driving behavior of Campinas city, one of the most populous cities in Brazil. Aiming to minimize the HESS size and enhance the EV driving range, an optimization problem was formulated and solved using a genetic algorithm technique, in which the EV drivetrain parameters and HESS components and control are optimized. Finally, the obtained Pareto frontier defines the optimum EV configurations, in which the best-selected configurations were able to perform up to 188 km with a 418 kg HESS (maximum drive range solution), or 82.75 km with a 146.58 kg HESS (minimum HESS solution) and 319 km with a 188.43 kg HESS (best trade-off solution), without presenting performance losses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Allègre AL, Bouscayrol A, Trigui R (2013) Flexible real-time control of a hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. IET Electr Syst Transport 3(3):79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Das A, Li D, Williams D, Greenwood D (2019) Weldability and shear strength feasibility study for automotive electric vehicle battery tab interconnects. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41(1):54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Holjevac N, Cheli F, Gobbi M (2019) A simulation-based concept design approach for combustion engine and battery electric vehicles. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233(7):1950

  4. Raggi MVK, Sodré JR (2014) Numerical simulation of carbon monoxide emissions from spark ignition engines. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 36(1):37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Yazdani A, Shamekhi A, Hosseini S (2015) Modeling, performance simulation and controller design for a hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 37(1):375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Holjevac N, Cheli F, Gobbi M (2019) Multi-objective vehicle optimization: Comparison of combustion engine, hybrid and electric powertrains. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering p. 0954407019860364

  7. Othaganont P, Assadian F, Auger DJ (2017) Multi-objective optimisation for battery electric vehicle powertrain topologies. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231(8):1046

  8. Eckert JJ, Silva LC, Costa ES, Santiciolli FM, Corrêa FC, Dedini FG (2019) Optimization of electric propulsion system for a hybridized vehicle. Mech based Des Struct Mach 47:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nguyen BH, German R, Trovao JPF, Bouscayrol A (2018) Real-time energy management of battery/supercapacitor electric vehicles based on an adaptation of pontryagin’s minimum principle. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68:203–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Khaligh A, Li Z (2010) Battery, ultracapacitor, fuel cell, and hybrid energy storage systems for electric, hybrid electric, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: state of the art. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 59(6):2806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhou H, Bhattacharya T, Tran D, Siew TST, Khambadkone AM (2011) Composite energy storage system involving battery and ultracapacitor with dynamic energy management in microgrid applications. IEEE Trans Power Electron 26(3):923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Azib T, Bethoux O, Remy G, Marchand C (2011) Saturation management of a controlled fuel-cell/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 60(9):4127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ganley JC (2012) Design and testing of a series hybrid vehicle with an ultracapacitor energy buffer. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226(7):869

  14. Nguyen B, Trovao JP, German R, Bouscayrol A (2017) An optimal control-based strategy for energy management of electric vehicles using battery/supercapacitor, in 2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) , pp. 1–6. 10.1109/VPPC.2017.8330985

  15. Curti J, Huang X, Minaki R, Hori Y (2012) A simplified power management strategy for a supercapacitor/battery hybrid energy storage system using the half-controlled converter, in IECON 2012-38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE), pp. 4006–4011

  16. Yu H, Cao D (2018) Multi-objective optimal sizing and real-time control of hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles, in 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) (IEEE), pp. 191–196

  17. Shen J, Dusmez S, Khaligh A (2014) Optimization of sizing and battery cycle life in battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications. IEEE Trans Indus Inform 10(4):2112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ostadi A, Kazerani M (2015) A comparative analysis of optimal sizing of battery-only, ultracapacitor-only, and battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for a city bus. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 64(10):4449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Eckert JJ (2018) Energy storage and control optimization for an electric vehicle. Int J Energy Res 42(11):3506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Eckert JJ, de Alkmin Silva LC, Dedini FG, Corrêa FC (2020) Electric vehicle powertrain and fuzzy control multi-objective optimization, considering dual hybrid energy storage systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):3773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shen J, Khaligh A et al (2015) A supervisory energy management control strategy in a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system. IEEE Trans Transp Electr 1(3):223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tie SF, Tan CW (2013) A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 20:82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang S, Zhang S, Shi D, Sun X, He J (2019) Research on instantaneous optimal control of the hybrid electric vehicle with planetary gear sets. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41(1):51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ates Y, Erdinc O, Uzunoglu M, Vural B (2010) Energy management of an fc/uc hybrid vehicular power system using a combined neural network-wavelet transform based strategy. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35(2):774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rotenberg D, Vahidi A, Kolmanovsky I (2011) Ultracapacitor assisted powertrains: modeling, control, sizing, and the impact on fuel economy. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 19(3):576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Song Z, Hofmann H, Li J, Han X, Ouyang M (2015) Optimization for a hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles using dynamic programing approach. Appl Energy 139:151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hu X, Murgovski N, Johannesson LM, Egardt B (2014) Comparison of three electrochemical energy buffers applied to a hybrid bus powertrain with simultaneous optimal sizing and energy management. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 15(3):1193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yin H, Zhao C, Li M, Ma C (2015) Utility function-based real-time control of a battery ultracapacitor hybrid energy system. IEEE Trans Indus Inf 11(1):220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Madanipour V, Montazeri-Gh M, Mahmoodi-k M (2016) Optimization of the component sizing for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using a genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 230(5):692

  30. Yu H, Castelli-Dezza F, Cheli F (2017) Optimal powertrain design and control of a 2-iwd electric race car, in Electrical and Electronic Technologies for Automotive, 2017 International Conference of (IEEE), pp. 1–7

  31. Shi K, Yuan X, Huang G, Liu Z (2019) Weighted multiple model control system for the stable steering performance of distributed drive electric vehicle. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41(4):201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu L, Shi K, Yuan X, Li Q (2019) Multiple model-based fault-tolerant control system for distributed drive electric vehicle. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41(11):531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Li Y, Huang X, Liu D, Wang M, Xu J (2019) Hybrid energy storage system and energy distribution strategy for four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles. J Clean Prod 220:756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Correa FC, Eckert JJ, Silva LC, Santiciolli FM, Costa ES, Dedini FG (2015) Study of different electric vehicle propulsion system configurations, in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), IEEE (IEEE), pp. 1–6

  35. Eckert JJ, Silva LC, Costa ES, Santiciolli FM, Dedini FG, Corrêa FC (2017) Electric vehicle drivetrain optimisation. IET Electr Syst Transp 7(1):32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Shen P, Zhao Z, Li J, Guo Q (2019) Development of adaptive gear shifting strategies of automatic transmission for plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle based on optimal energy economy. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering p. 0954407019864209

  37. Oliveira AM, Bertoti E, Eckert JJ, Yamashita RY, dos Santos Costa E, Silva LCA, Dedini FG (2016) Evaluation of energy recovery potential through regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle in a real urban drive scenario

  38. Gillespie TD (1992) Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics (Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE)

  39. Jazar RN (2008) Vehicle dynamics: theory and application. Springer Science and Business Media, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Bertoti E, Costa EdS, Corrêa FC, Silva LCDAE, Dedini FG (2018) Gear shifting multi-objective optimization to improve vehicle performance, fuel consumption, and engine emissions. Mech Based Des Struct Mach 46(2):238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Eckert J, Santiciolli F, Yamashita R, Correa F, Silva LC, Dedini F (2019) Fuzzy gear shifting control optimization to improve vehicle performance, fuel consumption and engine emissions. IET Control Theor Appl 13:2658–2669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Barbosa TP, Eckert JJ, Silva LCA, da Silva LAR, Gutiérrez JCH, Dedini FG (2020) Gear shifting optimization applied to a flex-fuel vehicle under real driving conditions. Mech Based Des Struct Mach 25:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  43. da Silva SF, Eckert JJ, Silva FL, Silva LC, Dedini FG (2021) Multi-objective optimization design and control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain for minimization of energy consumption, exhaust emissions and battery degradation. Energy Convers Manag 234:2356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Silva LC, Costa ES, Corrêa FC, Dedini FG (2016) Co-simulation to evaluate acceleration performance and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicles. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 25:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  45. Tong W (2014) Mechanical design of electric motors. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  46. Rotering N, Ilic M (2011) Optimal charge control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in deregulated electricity markets. Power Syst, IEEE Trans on 26(3):1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ghafouryan MM, Ataee S, Dastjerd FT (2016) A novel method for the design of regenerative brake system in an urban automotive. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 38(3):945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lu D, Ouyang M, Gu J, Li J (2014) Instantaneous optimal regenerative braking control for a permanent-magnet synchronous motor in a four-wheel-drive electric vehicle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 228(8):894

  49. Suntharalingam P, Economou JT, Knowles K (2017) Kinetic energy storage using a dual-braking system for an unmanned parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231(10):1353

  50. Thackeray MM, Wolverton C, Isaacs ED (2012) Electrical energy storage for transportation - approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 5(7):7854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang CY, Zhang G, Ge S, Xu T, Ji Y, Yang XG, Leng Y (2016) Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures. Nature 529(7587):515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Young K, Wang C, Wang LY, Strunz K (2013) Electric vehicle battery technologies, in electric vehicle integration into modern power networks. Springer, New York, pp 15–56

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. Diouf B, Pode R (2015) Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy. Renew Energy 76:375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang X, Mi C (2011) Vehicle power management: modeling, control and optimization. Springer Science and Business Media, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  55. Corrêa FC, Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Silva LC, Costa ES, Dedini FG (2017) Electric vehicle battery-ultracapacitor energy system optimization, in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), IEEE (IEEE), pp. 1–6

  56. Ravey A, Roche R, Blunier B, Miraoui A (2012) Combined optimal sizing and energy management of hybrid electric vehicles, in 2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (IEEE), pp. 1–6

  57. Yang J, Wang W, Ma K, Yang B (2019) Optimal dispatching strategy for shared battery station of electric vehicle by divisional battery control. IEEE Access 7:38224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Prochazka P, Cervinka D, Martis J, Cipin R, Vorel P (2016) Li-ion battery deep discharge degradation. ECS Trans 74(1):31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Silva LC, Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Costa ES, Dedini FG, Corrêa FC (2015) A study of battery power for a different electric vehicle propulsion system, in International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft. Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles (ESARS)

  60. Martínez JS, Mulot J, Harel F, Hissel D, Péra MC, John RI, Amiet M (2013) Experimental validation of a type-2 fuzzy logic controller for energy management in hybrid electrical vehicles. Eng Appl Artif Intell 26:1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Ma T, Yang H, Lu L (2015) Development of hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage for remote area renewable energy systems. Appl Energy 153:56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang S, Xiong R, Cao J (2016) Battery durability and longevity based power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with hybrid energy storage system. Appl energy 179:316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang B, Xu J, Cao B, Zhou X (2015) A novel multimode hybrid energy storage system and its energy management strategy for electric vehicles. J Power Sour 281:432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Trovão JP, Pereirinha PG, Jorge HM, Antunes CH (2013) A multi-level energy management system for multi-source electric vehicles-an integrated rule-based meta-heuristic approach. Appl Energy 105:304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Veneri O, Capasso C, Patalano S (2018) Experimental investigation into the effectiveness of a super-capacitor based hybrid energy storage system for urban commercial vehicles. Appl Energy 227:312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Silva LCA, Corrêa FC, Dedini FG (2020) Design of an aftermarket hybridization kit: Reducing costs and emissions considering a local driving cycle. Vehicles 2(1):210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Gen M, Cheng R, Lin L (2008) Network models and optimization: multiobjective genetic algorithm approach. Springer Science and Business Media, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  68. Eckert JJ, Santiciolli FM, Silva LC, Dedini FG (2021) Vehicle drivetrain design multi-objective optimization. Mech Mach Theor 156:104123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lopes MV, Eckert JJ, Martins TS, Santos AA (2020) Optimizing strain energy extraction from multi-beam piezoelectric devices for heavy haul freight cars. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Engi 42(1):1

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) for financial support and scholarships.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrated Systems Laboratory (LabSIn) University of Campinas - UNICAMP Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Ludmila C. A. Silva, Jony J. Eckert, Maria A. M. Lourenço, Fabricio L. Silva & Franco G. Dedini

  2. Federal University of Technology – Paraná (UTFPR), Ponta Grossa, Brazil

    Fernanda C. Corrêa

Authors
  1. Ludmila C. A. Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jony J. Eckert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maria A. M. Lourenço
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fabricio L. Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fernanda C. Corrêa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Franco G. Dedini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ludmila C. A. Silva.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Technical Editor: Victor Juliano De Negri.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Silva, L.C.A., Eckert, J.J., Lourenço, M.A.M. et al. Electric vehicle battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system and drivetrain optimization for a real-world urban driving scenario. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 43, 259 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-02975-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-02975-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation