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The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review

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Abstract

The sustainable future of mobility should not be viewed as the burial of the internal combustion engine (ICE), nowadays the main source of vehicular propulsion. Even with the increasing electrification of the transport means, the low global percentage of the electric fleet, around 0.2% of the total road vehicles, associated with an annual growth rate of less than 60%, indicates that they will not significantly change the market share in the short- and medium-term periods. This means that fuel demanded by ICEs and pollutant emissions generated by them will be very relevant in the years to come. Thus, the search for significant advances in technology associated with the use of renewable fuels is very important for environmental and economic sustainability. In this regard, the present work intends to demonstrate that the association between Brazilian ethanol and advanced technology in ICEs is a promising alternative for a more sustainable global mobility in the future. For this purpose, some ethanol properties are presented to justify its relevance as an ideal biofuel for highly boosted and efficient engines. Then, environmental, social, ethical and economic impacts arising from electric vehicles are investigated, demystifying the zero-emission vehicle terminology attributed to them and, finally, new technologies for ICEs are presented, proving that they are constantly evolving and improving, which is fundamental to the future of the world automotive fleet.

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Abbreviations

ANFAVEA:

Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores

ANEEL:

Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica

ANP:

Agência Nacional do Petróleo

CO:

Monoxide carbon

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CoV:

Coefficient of variation

CR:

Compression ratio

DI:

Direct injection

E100:

Ethanol

ECU:

Engine control unit

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

EV:

Electric vehicle

FCE:

Fuel conversion efficiency

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

HC:

Hydro carbon component

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

HV:

Hybrid vehicle

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

INMETRO:

Instituto Nacional de Metrologia

MBT:

Maximum brake torque

NOX :

Nitrous oxide

PFI:

Port fuel injection

PPC:

Partially premixed combustion

RCCI:

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition

R&D:

Research and development

RON:

Research octane number

SI:

Spark ignition

VVT:

Variable valve timing

WI:

Water injection

ZEV:

Zero-emission vehicle

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Mobility Technology Center (CTM-UFMG) for investing in R&D of internal combustion engines fueled with ethanol, a renewable Brazilian energy matrix. Also, they give an eternal and special acknowledgment to Dr. Michael Pontoppidan, who largely contributed to this and other works and, unfortunately, passed away at the end of 2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mobility Technology Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais (CTM-UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil

    Augusto César Teixeira Malaquias, Nilton Antonio Diniz Netto & José Guilherme Coelho Baêta

  2. Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30510-000, Brazil

    Fernando Antonio Rodrigues Filho

  3. Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), Av. BPS 1303, Itajubá, MG, CEP 37500-903, Brazil

    Roberto Berlini Rodrigues da Costa

  4. Next - Engine Technologies, Av. Doutor Adhemar de Barros 1.793, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

    Marcos Langeani

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  1. Augusto César Teixeira Malaquias
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Malaquias, A.C.T., Netto, N.A.D., Filho, F.A.R. et al. The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 41, 567 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-2076-1

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