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Gasoline surrogates in nucleate boiling heat transfer

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Abstract

Many correlations to estimate the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in nucleate boiling with binary, ternary or multicomponent mixtures are available in the literature. These correlations are usually based on phase-equilibrium parameters. Direct calculation of the HTC in mixtures with hundreds of components, such as gasoline, is thus practically impossible, as the phase-equilibrium data for such mixtures cannot be easily obtained or calculated. In research fields such as droplet evaporation and mixture thermodynamics, surrogates are constantly used to replace these multicomponent mixtures in calculations; however, this method has not yet been used in boiling research. Here, gasoline surrogates are proposed to estimate the HTC during nucleate boiling. A Monte Carlo search for the optimal composition is used to find the surrogates, and their applicability to gasoline–ethanol blends is evaluated. Two of the surrogates tested matched the experimental data well: surrogate B (16.4% n-butane + 83.6% isooctane) and surrogate C (26.2% n-butane + 42.1% n-hexane + 31.7% isooctane). Both surrogates allowed the HTC for gasoline (3.6% and 3.5% overall average deviation, respectively) and gasoline–ethanol blends (5.6% and 6.9% deviation at \(400\,\hbox {kW/m}^2\) heat flux, respectively) to be estimated accurately.

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Abbreviations

\(\Delta\) :

Difference

\(\rho\) :

Density (\(\text {kg}/\text {m}^3\))

\(\sigma\) :

Surface tension (N/m)

\(c_p\) :

Specific heat (J/(kg K))

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (\(\text {W}/(\text {m}^2 \text {K})\))

\(H_{lg}\) :

Heat of vaporization (J/kg)

It :

Iteration number in Monte Carlo

K :

Degradation parameter

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/(m K))

M :

Molar mass (kg/kmol)

\(N_{\mathrm{comp}}\) :

Number of components

\(N_{\mathrm{data}}\) :

Amount of data

newOAD :

OAD at current iteration in the Monte Carlo simulation

OAD :

Overall average deviation

p :

Pressure (Pa)

\(q^{\prime \prime }\) :

Heat flux (\(\text {W}/\text {m}^2\))

Ra :

Mean surface roughness (\(\upmu \text {m}\))

T :

Temperature (K)

y :

Mole fraction in vapor phase

x :

Mole fraction in liquid phase

{x}:

Mixture composition vector

bp:

Boiling range

calc:

Calculated

crit:

Critical point

end:

Monte Carlo output

exp:

Experimental

f:

Fluid

g:

Vapor phase

Gor:

Gorenflo

id:

Ideal

In:

Inoue et al.

l:

Liquid phase

max:

Maximum

r:

Reduced property

ref:

Reference condition

sat:

Saturated condition

w:

Wall

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the R&D Department at Magneti Marelli Powertrain in Hortolândia, São Paulo, Brazil, for funding and making this project possible. Specific thanks are due to the Physical Components Department for helping with the design of the experimental rig; the Prototyping Laboratory for building the rig; and the Vehicle Preparation Laboratory for supplying the test fluids. The authors are especially grateful to Mr. Fernando Windlin, manager of the Physical Components Department, for sponsoring and supporting the project throughout.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Arthur V. S. Oliveira & Rogério G. Santos

  2. Powertrain Division, Magneti Marelli Automotive Systems, Hortolândia, SP, Brazil

    Guilherme H. M. Alegre

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  1. Arthur V. S. Oliveira
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  3. Rogério G. Santos
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Correspondence to Arthur V. S. Oliveira.

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Oliveira, A.V.S., Alegre, G.H.M. & Santos, R.G. Gasoline surrogates in nucleate boiling heat transfer. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 41, 128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1639-5

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