Abstract
Most species of Sapindaceae are described as monoecious, sharing the presence of staminate flowers and flowers that are morphologically perfect but functionally pistillate. Duodichogamy has also been recorded in the family, but with few evaluations of the structures of different flower types or the functionality of reproductive structures in the different genera analyzed. Cupania L. is a monophyletic genus that occurs in tropical and subtropical America, consisting of monoecious duodichogamous trees with functionally unisexual, actinomorphic, and nectariferous flowers. Cupania emarginata Cambess. is endemic to Brazil, occurring in the northeast and southeast regions, mainly on sandy coastal plains (restingas). This study described and analyzed the flowers of this species based on morphometry and anatomy, and evaluated the functionality of the reproductive whorls and nectaries in the different floral types. Staminate flowers from the first and third flowering phases differ morpho-structurally; the gynoecium (pistillode) in first-flowering staminate flowers is markedly more collapsed than the gynoecium of third-flowering staminate flowers, in which the ovules may differentiate and contain embryo sacs with hypertrophied cells; mature anthers of pistillate flowers contain pollen grains at the stage of two-celled microgametophytes, similar to those of mature anthers of staminate flowers; and anthers of pistillate flowers are indehiscent, probably due to ineffective dehydration, as suggested by the persistence of the septum, which remains intact. The floral nectary is functional in all three flowering phases.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Simon Mayo for valuable comments on the manuscript and linguistic editing. This study forms part of the master’s thesis of VCS, which was carried out in the Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
Funding
RASS was supported by PIBIC (Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica) granted by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). BSH was supported by research grant from the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Proc. E-26/200.088/2019).
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BSH, GVS and VCS contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by VCS and RASS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by VCS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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dos Santos, V.C., Silva, R.d., Somner, G.V. et al. Floral anatomy of Cupania emarginata, a duodichogamous tree. Braz. J. Bot 45, 463–483 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00758-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00758-0