Skip to main content
Log in

Thiourea-induced metabolic changes in two mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (Fabaceae) varieties under salt stress

Brazilian Journal of Botany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of thiourea on two mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) varieties (NM-2006 and NM-2011) under salt stress. Experiment was laid-out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Two salt treatments [non-saline (control) and 75 mM NaCl] were applied to 28-day-old mung bean plants. Three levels of TU [0 (water spray), 10, and 20 mM] were foliarly sprayed after 1 week of salt treatment. Data for various growth and physio-chemical attributes were collected of 64-day-old mung bean plants, while two plants were left for obtaining yield. Salt stress significantly decreased all growth and yield attributes, while increased anthocyanin, relative membrane permeability (% RMP), malondialdehyde, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, total phenolics, free proline, and glycinebetaine contents. Foliar application of varying TU levels significantly increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot and root lengths, seed yield per plant, pod fresh and dry weights, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, chlorophyll b (in NM-2006), total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, POD activity, and total phenolic contents, while decreased RMP (%), total free amino acids, and GB contents. Of the two mung bean varieties, NM-2006 was superior to NM-2011 in most of growth and physio-chemical attributes under both salt stress and non-stress conditions as well as foliarly applied varying levels of TU. Overall, 20 mM TU proved more effective in reducing adverse effects of salt stress in both mung bean varieties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

References

  • Aldasoro JJ, Matilla A, Nicolás G (1981) Effect of ABA, fusicoccin and thiourea on germination K+ and glucose uptake in chick-pea seeds at different temperatures. Physiol Plant 53:139–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali HEM, Ismail GSM (2014) Tomato fruit quality as influenced by salinity and nitric oxide. Turk J Bot 38:122–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin AA, Abouziena HF, Abdelhamid MT, El-ShM Rashad, Fatma Gharib AE (2014) Improving growth and productivity of fababean plants by foliar application of thiourea and aspartic acid. Int J Plant Soil Sci 3:724–736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amruta S, Ashutosh V, Ritu M, Pushpa R (2014) Changes in activity of enzymes involved in maintaining ROS in ground nut during salt stress. Res J Agric For Sci 2:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjum F, Wahid A, Javed F, Arshad M (2008) Influence of foliar applied thiourea on flag leaf gas exchange and yield parameters of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under salinity and heat stress. Int J Agric Biol 10:619–626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum F, Wahid A, Farooq M, Javed F (2011) Potential of foliar applied thiourea in improving salt and high temperature tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Agric Biol 13:251–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnon DT (1949) Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplasts polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24:1–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ashfaque F, Iqbal M, Khan R, Khan NA (2014) Exogenously applied H2O2 promotes proline accumulation, water relations, photosynthetic efficiency and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress. Annu Res Rev Biol 4:105–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot 59:206–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf MA, Ashraf M, Ali Q (2010) Response of two genetically diverse wheat cultivars to salt stress at different growth stages: leaf lipid peroxidation and phenolic contents. Pak J Bot 42:559–565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf MA, Rasool M, Ali Q, Haider MZ, Noman A, Azeem M (2013) Salt-induced perturbation in growth, physiological attributes, activities of antioxidant enzymes and organic solutes in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Arch Agron Soil Sci 59:1695–1712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asthir B, Thapar R, Farooq M, Bains NS (2013) Exogenous application of thiourea improves the performance of late sown wheat by inducing terminal heat resistance. Int J Agric Biol 15:1337–1342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates IS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Rejeb KB, Abdelly C, Savoure A (2014) How reactive oxygen species and proline face stress together. Plant Physiol Biochem 80:278–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boriboonkaset T, Theerawitaya C, Pichakum A, Cha-um S, Takabe T, Kirdmanee C (2014) Expression levels of some starch metabolism related genes in flag leaf of two contrasting rice genotypes exposed to salt stress. Aust J Crop Sci 6:1579–1586

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner JM, Mulvaney RI (1978) Urease activity in soil In: Bums RG (ed) Soil enzymes. Academic Press, London, pp 149–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmak I, Horst JH (1991) Effects of aluminum on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiol Plant 83:463–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chance B, Maehly A (1955) Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 2:764–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen TH, Murata N (2008) Glycinebetaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants. Trends Plant Sci 13:499–505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen THH, Murata N (2011) Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Environ 34:1–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawalibi V, Monteverdi MC, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Valentini R (2015) Effect of salt and drought on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of two Tamarix species. iForest (early view): e1–e8 [online 2015-03-25]. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor1233-007

  • de Carvalho K, de Campos MKF, Domingues DS, Pereira LFP, Vieira LGE (2013) The accumulation of endogenous proline induces changes in gene expression of several antioxidant enzymes in leaves of transgenic Swingle citrumelo. Mol Biol Rep 40:3269–3279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Divya J, Belagali SL (2015) A study on seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples with chemical fertilizer residues under different cropping patterns. Int J Appl Pure Sci Agric 01: e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

  • Dixon RA, Paiva NL (1995) Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7:1085–1097

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fahramand M, Mahmoody M, Keykha A, Noori M, Rigi K (2014) Influence of abiotic stress on proline, photosynthetic enzymes and growth. Int Res J Appl Basic Sci 8:257–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Falleh H, Ksouri R, Chaieb K, Karray-Bouraoui N, Trabelsi N, Boulaaba M, Abdelly C (2008) Phenolic composition of Cynara cardunculus L. organs, and their biological activities. C R Biol 331:372–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg BK, Burman U, Kathju S (2006) Influence of thiourea on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) under rain fed conditions of Indian arid zone. Plant Growth Regul 48:237–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieve CM, Grattan SR (1983) Rapid assay for the determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil 70:303–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gul B, Weber DJ (1998) Effect of dormancy relieving compounds on the seed germination of non-dormant Allenrolfea occidentalis under salinity stress. Ann Bot 82:555–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta B, Huang B (2014) Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. Int J Genom Article ID 701596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/701596

  • Hameed A, Sheikh MA (2007) Changes in catalase, peroxidase activities and soluble proteins in wheat leaves on thiourea and H2O2 treatments. Biosci Res 4:21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed A, Jafri L, Sheikh MA (2013) Effect of thiourea on proteins, catalase, guaiacol-peroxidase and protease activities in wheat leaves under H2O2 induced oxidative stress. Iran J Plant Physiol 4:857–864

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2014) Exogenous proline and glycine betaine mediated upregulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems provides better protection against salt-induced oxidative stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. BioMed Res Int. doi:10.1155/2014/757219

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassine AB, Ghanem ME, Bouzid S, Lutts S (2008) An inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. differ in their ability to accumulate proline and glycinebetaine in response to salinity and water stress. J Exp Bot 59:1315–1326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MA, Fujita M (2010) Evidence for a role of exogenous glycinebetaine and proline in antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxifi cation systems in mung bean seedlings under salt stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 16:19–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Bie Z, Liu Z, Zhen A, Wang W (2009) Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55:698–704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IFDC (International Fertilizer Development Corporation) (2003) Input subsidies and agricultural development: Issues and options for developing and transitional economies. IFDC Paper Series No. 29. Muscles Shoals, Alabama

  • Iqbal N, Umara S, Khan NA, Khan MIR (2014) A new perspective of phytohormones in salinity tolerance: regulation of proline metabolism. Environ Exp Bot 100:34–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail MA (2014) Exogenous proline induced changes in SDS-PAGE protein profile for salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 5:748–755

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagetiya BL, Kaur MJ (2006) Role of thiourea in improving productivity of soybean. Int J Plant Sci 1:308–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julkenen-Titto R (1985) Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willows: methods for the analysis of certain phenolics. Agric Food Chem 33:213–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanwal S, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M, Iqbal MY (2013) Influence of saline stress on growth, gas exchange, mineral nutrients and non-enzymatic antioxidants in mungbean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Pak J Bot 45:763–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Kausar F, Shahbaz M (2013) Interactive effect of foliar application of nitric oxide (NO) and salinity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak J Bot 45:67–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kausar N, Nawaz K, Hussain K, Bhatti KH, Siddiqi EH, Tallat A (2014) Effect of Exogenous applications of glycine betaine on chlorophyll and biochemical attributes of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under saline conditions. World Appl Sci J 29:1540–1543

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya C, Sonmez O, Aydemir S, Ashraf M, Dikilitas M (2013) Exogenous application of mannitol and thiourea regulates plant growth and oxidative stress responses in salt-stressed maize (Zea mays L.). J Plant Interact 8:234–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MIR, Iqbal N, Masood A, Khan NA (2012) Variation in salt tolerance of wheat cultivars: role of glycinebetaine and ethylene. Pedosphere 22:746–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan A, Iqbal I, Ahmad I, Nawaz H, Nawaz M (2014a) Role of proline to induce salinity tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Sci Technol Dev 33:88–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MI, Asgher M, Khan NA (2014b) Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesis and growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaine and ethylene in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 80:67–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NA, Khan MIR, Asgher M, Fatma M, Masood A, Syeed S (2014c) Salinity tolerance in plants: revisiting the role of sulfur metabolites. J Plant Biochem Physiol 2:120. doi:10.4172/2329-9029.1000120

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisetu E, Kasian J, Mtakimwa ZS (2013) Determination of urea-N levels application to Nerica-4 cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on soils of Dakawa-Morogoro, Tanzania. Access Int J Agric Sci 1:73–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong-Negrm K, Daduang S, Wongkham CH, Bunnag S, Kosittrakuna M, Theerakulpisuta P (2005) Protein profiles in response to salt stress in leaf sheaths of rice seedlings. Sci Asia 31:403–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SB, Prakash M, Gokulakrishnan J (2011) Genetic role of biochemical, biophysical and morpho-physiological characters in enhancing the seed yield in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Global J Plant Ecophysiol 1:14–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maiti RK, Limon SM, Ebeling PW (2000) Responses of some crops to various abiotic stress factors and its physiological and biochemical basis of resistance. Agric Rev 21:155–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Mani F, Bettaieb T, Zheni K, Doudech N, Hannachi C (2013) Effect of thiourea on yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Stress Physiol Biochem 9:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur N, Sachendra JS, Bohar BA, Vyas A (2006) Improved productivity of mung bean by application of thiourea under arid condition. World J Agric Sci 2:185–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloni DA, Gulotta MR, Martinez CA, Oliva MA (2004) The effects of salt stress on growth, nitrate reduction and proline and glycine-betaine accumulation in Prosopis alba. Braz J Plant Physiol 16:39–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed MH, El Kramany MF (2005) Salinity tolerance of some mungbean varieties. J Appl Sci Res 1:78–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore S, Stein WH (1957) A modified ninhydrin reagent for the photometric determination of amino acids and related compounds. J Biol Chem 211:907–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Ning TY, Shao GQ, Li ZJ, Han HF, Hu HG, Wang Y, Tian SZ, Chi SY (2012) Effects of urea types and irrigation on crop uptake, soil residual, and loss of nitrogen in maize field on the North China Plain. Plant Soil Environ 58:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nounjan N, Theerakulpisut P (2012) Effects of exogenous proline and trehalose on physiological responses in rice seedlings during salt-stress and after recovery. Plant Soil Environ 58:309–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nusrat N, Shahbaz M, Perveen S (2014) Modulation in growth, photosynthetic efficiency, activity of antioxidants and mineral ions by foliar application of glycinebetaine on pea (Pisum sativum L.) under salt stress. Acta Physiol Plant 36:2985–2998. doi:10.1007/s11738-014-1670-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogola JBO, Wheeler TR, Harris PM (2002) Effects of nitrogen and irrigation on water use of maize crops. Field Crops Res 78:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey M, Srivastava AK, D’Souza SF, Penna S (2013) Thiourea, a ROS scavenger, regulates source-to-sink relationship to enhance crop yield and oil content in Brassica juncea (L.). PLoS One 8:73921. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perveen A, Hussain I, Rasheed R, Mahmood S, Wahid A (2013a) Growth bioregulatory role of root-applied thiourea: changes in growth, toxicity symptoms and photosynthetic pigments of maize. Pak J Agric Sci 50:455–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2013b) Influence of foliar-applied triacontanol on growth, gas exchange characteristics, and chlorophyll fluorescence at different growth stages in wheat under saline conditions. Photosynthetica 51:541–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2014) Triacontanol-induced changes in growth, yield, leaf water relations, antioxidative defense system and some key osmoprotectants in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline stress. Turk J Bot 38:896–913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posmyk MM, Kontek R, Janas KM (2009) Antioxidant enzymes activity and phenolic compounds content in red cabbage seedlings exposed to copper stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:596–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaei M (2010) Plant nutrition. Text booklet of Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Khayam Press. (In Persian)

  • Rao K (1987) Large granules and slow release urea—a state of art report. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezazadeh A, Ghasemzadeh A, Brani M, Telmadarrehei T (2012) Effect of salinity on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Res J Med Plant 6:245–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roychoudhury A, Ghosh S (2013) Physiological and biochemical responses of mungbean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) to varying concentrations of cadmium chloride or sodium chloride. Unique J Pharm Biol Sci 01:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu S, Sahoo PR, Patel S, Mishra BK (2011) Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review. J Sulfur Chem 32:171–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakr MT, El-Sarkassy NM, Fuller MP (2012) Osmoregulators proline and glycine betaine counteract salinity stress in canola. Agron Sustain Dev 32:747–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sehrawat N, Sehrawat N, Jaiwal PK, Yadav M, Bhat KV, Sairam RK (2013) Salinity stress restraining mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) production: gateway for genetic improvement. Int J Agric Crop Sci 6:505–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Sehrawat N, Bhat KV, Sairam RK, Jaiwal PK (2014) Screening of mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek] genotypes for salt tolerance. Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci 4:36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2013) Improving salinity tolerance in cereals. Crit Rev Plant Sci 32:237–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Masood Y, Perveen S, Ashraf M (2011) Is foliar-applied glycinebetaine effective in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)? J Appl Bot Food Qual 84:192–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Noreen N, Perveen S (2013) Triacontanol modulates photosynthesis and osmoprotectants in canola (Brassica napus L.) under saline stress. J Plant Interact 8:250–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanu IS, Naruka PP, Singh RPS, Shaktawat Verma KS (2013) Effect of seed treatment and foliar spray of thiourea on growth, yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under different irrigation levels. Int J Seed Spices 3:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao GQ, Li ZJ, Ning TY, Zhang M, Jiao NY, Han B, Bai M, Li HJ (2008) Effects of irrigation and urea types on N utilization, yield and quality of maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 41:3672–3678

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh H, Malik BP, Sharma HC (1989) Relative performance of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.Wilczek) cultivars under varying levels of soil salinity. Haryana J Agron 5:171–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Snedecore GW, Cohran WG (1980) Statistical Methods, 7th edn. The Iowa State University Press, Ames

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Nathawat NS, Ramaswamy NK, Sahu MP, Singh G et al (2008) Evidence for thiol-induced enhanced in situ translocation of 14C-sucrose from source to sink in Brassica juncea. Environ Exp Bot 64:250–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Ramaswamy NK, Mukopadhyaya R, ChiramalJincy MG, D’Souza SF (2009) Thiourea modulates the expression and activity profile of mt ATPase under salinity stress in seeds of Brassica juncea. Ann Bot 103:403–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Ramaswamy NK, Suprasanna P, D’Souza SF (2010) Genome wide analysis of thiourea modulated salinity-stress responsive transcripts in seeds of Brassica juncea L: identification of signaling and effector components of stress tolerance. Ann Bot (Lon) 106:663–674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Srivastava S, Suprasanna P, D’Souza SF (2011) Thiourea orchestrates regulation of redox state and antioxidant responses to reduce the NaCl-induced oxidative damage in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.). Plant Physiol Biochem 49:676–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Srivastava S, Mishra S, D’Souzaa SF, Suprasannaa P (2014) Identification of redox-regulated components of arsenate (AsV) tolerance through thiourea supplementation in rice. Metallomics 6:1718–1730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tammam AA, AbouAlhamd MF, Hemeda MM (2008) Study of salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Banysoif 1. Aust J Crop Sci 1:115–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edriva A (2000) Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci 151:59–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang GP, Hui Z, Li F, Zhao MR, Zhang J, Wang W (2010) Improvement of heat and drought photosynthetic tolerance in wheat by over accumulation of glycinebetaine. Plant Biotech Rep 4:213–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiztugay E, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Kucukoduk M, Duran Y (2014) Variations in osmotic adjustment and water relations of Sphaerophysa kotschyana: glycine betaine, proline and choline accumulation in response to salinity. Bot Stud 55:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is a part of the M.Sc. thesis of Miss Rabia Farooq, working under the supervision of Dr. Shagufta Perveen. Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz has helped in giving important suggestions during field work and lab analysis, and further in manuscript checking and proofreading.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shagufta Perveen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Perveen, S., Farooq, R. & Shahbaz, M. Thiourea-induced metabolic changes in two mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (Fabaceae) varieties under salt stress. Braz. J. Bot 39, 41–54 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-015-0209-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-015-0209-z

Keywords

Navigation