Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to analyse parenting styles as a possible factor associated with caries in foster children and adolescents who had been victims of domestic violence.
Methods
The study was carried out in nine foster shelters in Recife, Northeast Brazil, with a sample of 88 participants aged 8 to 17 years old. Data were collected through intraoral examinations to verify deft/DMFT indices, applying the Demandingness and Responsiveness Scales to determine parenting styles. In turn, sociodemographic data were retrieved from records filed at the institutions. Descriptive analysis was performed, with the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests being used to compare the categories of numerical variables.
Results
The mean deft/DMFT was of 3.78 in children (8 and 9 years old) and 1.93 in adolescents (10 years old and older). Overall, the index was of 2.31. Neglect was the main reason for the children’s admission to foster care, while neglectful was the most prevalent parenting style.
Conclusion
Children of indulgent parents had higher caries indices in both deciduous and permanent teeth, while children of authoritative (permanent teeth) and authoritarian parents (deciduous teeth) had the lowest caries indices. However, no significant associations were found between caries and parenting styles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Abbasi MA, Saeidi M, Khademi G, Hoseini BL. Child maltreatment in the worldwide: a review article. Int J Pediatr. 2015;3(1):353–65. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2015.3753.
Acioli RML, Barreira AK, Lima MLC, Lima MLLT, Assis SG. Evaluation of institutional foster care services for children and adolescents in Recife. Cien Saud Colet. 2018;23(2):529–42. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018232.01172016.
Acioli RML, Barreira AK, Lima MLC, Assis SG, Lima MLLT. Foster care time and characteristics of adolescents under foster care by type of institutional services Recife, Brazil, 2009–2013. Cien Saud Colet. 2019;24(2):553–62. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018242.06402017.
Alagla MA, Hussyeen AA, Alhowaish L. Do parenting styles affect children’s oral health in Saudi Arabia? Cureus. 2019;11(10):1–17. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6002.
Avelino MLA. Influência do estilo parental na saúde bucal e nos comportamentos de saúde bucal de crianças. Diamantina: Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; 2021.
Barreto KA, Colares V. The social status associated with dental experience among Brazilian children. Cien Saud Colet. 2020;25(10):3913–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.32312018.
Brazil. Law no. 8.069. Addresses the Rights of Children and Adolescents and makes other provisions. Diário Oficial da União.1990. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8069.htm 15 May 2023.
Camacho GA, Camacho E, Rodriguez RA, Guillé AJ, Juarez HM, Perez MA. Predisposing factors for dental caries in girls at an orphanage of Mexico City. Acta Pediatr Mex. 2009;30(2):71–6.
Castelo Branco IVM, Sá HWBS, Carvalho ECVM, Rocha SWS, Vidal AKL. Dental caries and the use of the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in children at a public school in Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil Odontol Clin-Cient. 2020;19(4):298–301.
Ceconello AM, Antoni C, Koller SH. Socialization practices, parenting styles and physical abuse in familiar context. Psicol Estud. 2003;8:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722003000300007.
Christian B, Ummer-Christian R, Blinkhorn A, Hedge V, Nandakumar K, Marino R, Chattopadhyay A. An epidemiological study of dental caries and associated factors among children residing in orphanages in Kerala, India: health in orphanages project (HOPe). Int Dent J. 2019;69(2):113–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12419.
Costa FT, Teixeira MAP, Gomes WB. Respondingness and demandingness: two scales to evaluate parenting styles. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2000;13(3):465–73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722000000300014.
Dabawala S, Suprabha BS, Shenoy R, Rao A, Shah N. Parenting style and oral health practices in early childhood caries: a case–control study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2016;27(2):135–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12235.
Desmond C, Watt K, Saha A, Huang J, Lu C. Prevalence and number of children living in institutional care: global, regional, and country estimates. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):370–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30022-5.
Duijster D, Jong-Lenters M, Ruiter C, Thijssen J, Van Loveren C, Verrips E. Parental and family-related influences on dental caries in children of Dutch, Moroccan and Turkish origin. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):152–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12134.
Formiga NS. Scale of demandingness and responsiveness parental: evidence of the factorial structure in young people from Paraíba. Braz Psicol Argumento. 2010;28(62):209–24.
Gomide PIC, Traple RXS. Instrumentos nacionais de avaliação de práticas parentais: uma revisão da literatura. Psicol Argumento. 2022;40(109):1776–96.
Horn AM, Silva KA, Patias ND. Parenting educational styles and practiced school performance of adolescents in high school. Estudos E Pesquisas Em Psicol. 2020;20(1):168–86. https://doi.org/10.1295/epp.2020.50795.
Howenstein J, Kumar A, Casamassino OS, McTigue D, Coury D, Yin H. Correlating parenting styles with child behavior and caries. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37(1):59–64.
Khare V, Koshy A, Rani PJ, Srilatha S, Kapse SC, Agrawal A. Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among the orphan children and adolescents of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. India J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(2):182–7. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1118.
Kumar S, Tadakamadla J, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Kroon J, Lalloo R, Johnson NW. Parenting practices and children dental caries experience: A structural equation modelling approach. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017;001:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12321.
Maia FA, Soares AB. Differences in fathers’ and mothers’ parental practices and 6th grade middle school children’s perceptions. Estud Interdiscip Em Psicol. 2019;10(1):59–82. https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2019v10n1p59.
Maia JMD, Williams LCA. Risk and protective factors for child development. Temas Em Psicol. 2005;13(2):91–103.
Melbye M, Huebner CE, Chi DL, Hinderberger H, Milgrom P. A first look: determinants of dental care for children in foster care. Spec Care Dent. 2013;33(1):13–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2012.00312.x.
Melbye MLR, Chi DL, Milgrom P, Huebner CE, Grembowski D. Washington state foster care: dental utilization and expenditures. J Publ Health Dent. 2014;74(2):93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12027.
Moura LFAD, Sousa HCS, Lima CCB, Moura MS, Lopes TSP, Lima MDM. Oral health of children and adolescents victims of maltreatment housed in foster care: a case-control study. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr. 2016;16(1):279–87. https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2016.161.29.
Muirhead V, Subramanian SK, Wright D, Wong FSL. How do foster carers manage the oral health of children in foster care? a qualitative study. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017;45(6):529–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12316.
Nascimento LJ, Cruz JF, Colares V. Caries experience profile among school adolescents in olinda-PE-a pilot study. Odontol Clin-Cient. 2017;16(4):301–5.
Negro KS, Scott JM, Marcenko M, Chi DL. Assessing the feasibility of oral health interventions delivered by social workers to children and families in the foster care system. Pediatr Dent. 2019;41(1):48–51.
Noronha APP, Batista HHV. Characters strengths and parenting styles: a correlational study. Estud Interdiscip Em Psicol. 2017;8(2):2–19. https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2016v8n2p02.
Quek SJ, Sim YF, Lai B, Lim W, Hong CH. The effect of parenting styles on enforcement of oral health behaviours in children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2020;22(1):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-020-00537-7.
Sano-Asahito T, Suzuki A, Matsuyama J, Mitomi T, Kinoshita-Kawano S, Hayashi-Sakai S, Asahito T. Self-esteem and oral condition of institutionalized abused children in Japan. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;39(4):322–5. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-39.4.322.
Sarvas EW, Eckerle JK, Gustafson KL, Freese RL, Shlafer RJ. Oral health needs among youth with a history of foster care: a population-based study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2021;152(8):589–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2021.03.008.
Schavarem LN, Toni CGS. The relationship between parenting style and children’s self-esteem. Pensando Fam. 2019;23(2):147–61.
Silva NCB, Nunes CC, Betti MCM, Rios KSA. Family variables and their impact on child development. Temas Em Psicol. 2008;16(2):215–29.
Siqueira AC, Tubino CL, Schwarz C, Dell’Aglio DD. Perception of parental figures in institutionalized children and adolescents’ support network. Arq Bras Psicol. 2009;61(1):176–90.
Solis-Riggioni A, Gallardo-Barquero C, Chavarria-Bolaños D. Prevalence and severity of dental caries in foster-care children and adolescents. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;42(4):1–4. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-42.4.5.
Szilagyi MA, Rosen DS, Rubin D, Zlotnik S. Health care issues for children and adolescents in foster care and kinship care. Pediatrics. 2015;133(4):1142–66. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2656.
United Nations Children’s Fund. hidden in plain sight: a statistical analysis of violence against children. 2014. https://data.unicef.org/resources/hidden-in-plain-sight-a-statistical-analysis-of-violence-against-children/. 15 May 2023.
Valencia-Rojas N, Lawrence HP, Goodman D. Prevalence of early childhood caries in a population of children with history of maltreatment. J Public Health Dent. 2008;68(2):94–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2007.00077.x.
Weber LND, Prado PM, Viezzer AP, Brandenburg OJ. Parenting style: perceptions of children and their parents. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2004;17(3):323–31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722004000300005.
World Health Organization. world report on violence and health. 2002. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615. 23 May 2023.
World Health Organization. oral health surveys: basic methods. 2013. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241548649. 23 May 2023.
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mirella T. Campos: data collection, conceptualization, methodology, and manuscript writing (original draft and final editing). Lidiane J. do Nascimento: data collection, methodology, and manuscript writing (original draft). Alice K. Barreira: manuscript writing (review) and supervision. Viviane Colares: conceptualization, manuscript writing (review), and supervision of all aspects of the study implementation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Informed consent
The institutions’ administrators were informed about the research objectives and data collection procedures. After their questions were answered, they signed an informed consent form. Children and adolescents who agreed to participate also received and signed and informed assent form.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the Federal University of Pernambuco (evaluation report: 3.773.371) and of the University of Pernambuco (evaluation report: 4.765.063). The study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Presentation at a meeting
This study has not been presented in any event or meeting.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Campos, M.T., do Nascimento, L.J., Barreira, A.K. et al. Parenting styles and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents in foster care. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-024-00909-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-024-00909-3