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Comprehensive review on design perspective of PET ligands based on β-amyloids, tau and neuroinflammation for diagnostic intervention of Alzheimer’s disease

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Abstract

Purpose

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative pathological condition that resulted from the deterioration of cholinergic neurons over time. The pathological hallmark features of AD include extracellular β-amyloids plaques, hyperphosphorylated τ protein (tau), which is the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuroinflammation. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of PET tracers for Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on developments for targets (β-amyloids, hyperphosphorylated τ protein (tau), neuroinflammation and other related targets) available for clinical PET imaging.

Methods/design

Studies involving the existing PET tracers used in the imaging of Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation with essential features and limitations are discussed. Experimental studies with the design perspective of PET tracers, for biomarkers like Aβ, tau protein, and neuroinflammation, which are exploited clinically through PET Imaging have been described in detail. Comparative data have been generated based on the strength and weakness of PET radioligands for preclinical and clinical studies based on their binding affinity, selectivity and imaging. PET tracers for other targets like cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), P2X7 receptor, cyclooxygenase-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) have also been included.

Result

We have summarized the ideal properties in terms of tracer's design for each target and based on their target selectivity and affinity, considering its potential strength and limitations. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. A critical assessment of both the preclinical and clinical PET tracers is carried out where sufficient data are available. This can help in designing better and highly selective PET tracers.

Conclusion

Our comprehensive review will provide comparison and help in the design perspective of the futuristic PET tracers for Alzheimer's disease by improving their affinity towards biomarkers with higher selectivity Aβ/tau for delineation of AD at an early stage.

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Acknowledgments

This report was supported by INMAS, Defense Research and Development Organization. The authors also extend their thanks to Dr. Tarun Sekhri, Director at INMAS, for constant encouragement and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Divison of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India

    Parul Mittal, Niharika Singh, Shubhra Chaturvedi, Anil K. Mishra & Puja Panwar Hazari

  2. Department of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi, 110007, India

    Parul Mittal & Amar Jyoti

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  1. Parul Mittal
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  2. Niharika Singh
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  3. Shubhra Chaturvedi
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  5. Anil K. Mishra
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  6. Puja Panwar Hazari
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Contributions

PPH planned the study, PH and PM performed article search and selection, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. NS gave support in the selection and search. AKM, AJ, and SC, reviewed the manuscript. All the authors reviewed the final version of the text.

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Correspondence to Puja Panwar Hazari.

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Mittal, P., Singh, N., Chaturvedi, S. et al. Comprehensive review on design perspective of PET ligands based on β-amyloids, tau and neuroinflammation for diagnostic intervention of Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Transl Imaging 9, 153–175 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-021-00410-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-021-00410-7

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