Abstract
In this paper, a multi-objective optimization approach to solve the problem of optimal allocation and sizing of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems is presented. The objectives of this allocation and sizing problem consist of the minimization of the investment and operation costs, the voltage deviation and the short-circuit currents. The recloser–fuse coordination constraints were included in the mathematical formulation of the problem, in order to preserve the original network protection scheme. It is important to mention that this protection scheme was also carried out in this paper, using the multi-objective approach, to minimize the operating time of the reclosers and fuses. The distribution system considered to evaluate the proposed methodology was the IEEE 34-Node Test Feeder, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II was used to solve the proposed multi-objective problems. Furthermore, a time-series-based probabilistic approach, through the Monte Carlo simulation, was adopted to deal with the uncertainties of the load and power generated by each DER. Finally, from the results, it was possible to reduce the investment and operation costs by 15.61% when compared to the system without DERs, improve the voltage profile and preserve the original protection scheme present in the network.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelaziz, M., & Moradzadeh, M. (2019). Monte-Carlo simulation based multi-objective optimum allocation of renewable distributed generation using OpenCL. Electric Power Systems Research, 170, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.01.012
Ahmadi, B., Ceylan, O., & Ozdemir, A. (2021). Distributed energy resource allocation using multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research, 201(107), 564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107564
Alam, M. N. (2019). Adaptive protection coordination scheme using numerical directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2834474
Alam, M. N., Das, B., & Pant, V. (2018). Optimum recloser-fuse coordination for radial distribution systems in the presence of multiple distributed generations. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12, 2585–2594. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1532
Blaabjerg, F., Yang, Y., Yang, D., et al. (2017). Distributed power-generation systems and protection. Proceedings of the IEEE, 105, 1311–1331. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2017.2696878
Cheng, C. S., & Shirmohammadi, D. (1995). A three-phase power flow method for real-time distribution system analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 10(2), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1109/59.387902
Dahej, A. E., Esmaeili, S., & Hojabri, H. (2018). Co-optimization of protection coordination and power quality in microgrids using unidirectional fault current limiters. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9, 5080–5091. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2679281
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., et al. (2002). A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017
Dehghanpour, E., Kazemi Karegar, H., Kheirollahi, R., et al. (2018). Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in microgrids by using cuckoo-linear optimization algorithm and fault current limiter. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9, 1365–1375. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2587725
Eaton (2018) Electrical and industrial: Power management solutions. https://www.eaton.com/. Accessed 9 July 2023.
El-Ela, A. A. A., El-Sehiemy, R. A., Shaheen, A. M., et al. (2021). Optimal allocation of distributed generation units correlated with fault current limiter sites in distribution systems. IEEE Systems Journal, 15, 2148–2155. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2020.3009028
Elmitwally, A., Gouda, E., & Eladawy, S. (2016). Restoring recloser-fuse coordination by optimal fault current limiters planning in DG-integrated distribution systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 77, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.021
Fani, B., Bisheh, H., & Karami-Horestani, A. (2018). An offline penetration-free protection scheme for PV-dominated distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 157, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.11.020
Ferraz, R. S. F., Ferraz, R. S. F., Rueda-Medina, A. C., et al. (2020). Genetic optimisation-based distributed energy resource allocation and recloser-fuse coordination. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 14, 4501–4508. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0664
Hamidi, M. E., & Chabanloo, R. M. (2019). Optimal allocation of distributed generation with optimal sizing of fault current limiter to reduce the impact on distribution networks using NSGA-II. IEEE Systems Journal, 13, 1714–1724. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2018.2867910
Huang, D., Li, H., Cai, G., et al. (2019). An efficient probabilistic approach based on area grey incidence decision making for optimal distributed generation planning. IEEE Access, 7, 93175–93186. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2927713
IEC. (1989). Electrical relays—part 3: Single input energizing quantity measuring relays with dependent or independent time. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
IEEE. (2018). IEEE standard for interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces. IEEE Std 1547–2018 (Revision of IEEE Std 1547-2003) pp 1–138. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8332112
Jain, R., Lubkeman, D. L., & Lukic, S. M. (2019). Dynamic adaptive protection for distribution systems in grid-connected and islanded modes. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 34, 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2884705
Kersting, W.H. (2001) Radial distribution test feeders. In: Conference Proceedings 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. vol. 2, pp 908–912, https://doi.org/10.1109/PESW.2001.916993.
Mathur, A., Pant, V., & Das, B. (2015). Unsymmetrical short-circuit analysis for distribution system considering loads. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 70, 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.02.003
Mathur, A., Das, B., & Pant, V. (2017). Fault analysis of unbalanced radial and meshed distribution system with inverter based distributed generation (IBDG). International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 85, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.09.003
Mendes, M. A., Vargas, M. C., Simonetti, D. S. L., et al. (2021). Load currents behavior in distribution feeders dominated by photovoltaic distributed generation. Electric Power Systems Research, 201(107), 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107532
Meskin, M., Domijan, A., & Grinberg, I. (2020). Impact of distributed generation on the protection systems of distribution networks: Analysis and remedies—review paper. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 14, 5944–5960. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1652
Pereira, K., Pereira, B. R., Contreras, J., et al. (2018). A multiobjective optimization technique to develop protection systems of distribution networks with distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33, 7064–7075. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2842648
Priya, P. P. R., Baskar, S., Selvi, S. T., et al. (2022). Optimal allocation of distributed generation using evolutionary multi-objective optimization. Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-022-01269-y
Purwar, E., Singh, S. P., & Vishwakarma, D. N. (2020). A robust protection scheme based on hybrid pick-up and optimal hierarchy selection of relays in the variable DGs-distribution system. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 35, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2929755
Roy, N. B., & Das, D. (2021). Optimal allocation of active and reactive power of dispatchable distributed generators in a droop controlled islanded microgrid considering renewable generation and load demand uncertainties. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 27(100), 482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100482
Rueda-Medina, A. C., Franco, J. F., Rider, M. J., et al. (2013). A mixed-integer linear programming approach for optimal type, size and allocation of distributed generation in radial distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 97, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.12.009
Shah, P. H., & Bhalja, B. R. (2014). New adaptive digital relaying scheme to tackle recloser-fuse miscoordination during distributed generation interconnections. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 8, 682–688. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0222
Sharma, A., & Panigrahi, B. K. (2018). Phase fault protection scheme for reliable operation of microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54, 2646–2655. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2017.2787691
Shih, M. Y., Conde, A., Leonowicz, Z., et al. (2017). An adaptive overcurrent coordination scheme to improve relay sensitivity and overcome drawbacks due to distributed generation in smart grids. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 53, 5217–5228. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2017.2717880
Shu, Z., Chen, Y., Deng, C., et al. (2021). Pareto optimal allocation of flexible fault current limiter based on multi-objective improved bat algorithm. IEEE Access, 9, 12762–12778. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3050795
Usama, M., Mokhlis, H., Moghavvemi, M., et al. (2021). A comprehensive review on protection strategies to mitigate the impact of renewable energy sources on interconnected distribution networks. IEEE Access, 9, 35740–35765. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061919
Acknowledgements
This study was financed by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo— Brazil (FAPES)—Number 026/2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ferraz, R.S.F., Ferraz, R.S.F. & Rueda–Medina, A.C. Multi-objective Optimization Approach for Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Energy Resources Preserving the Protection Scheme in Distribution Networks. J Control Autom Electr Syst 34, 1080–1092 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-023-01030-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-023-01030-4