Abstract
The use of Distributed Generation (DG) is essential to reach the Decarbonization, Decentralization and Digitization. However, DG can cause impacts on the electric power systems. Among the impacts, this work proposes to analyze the changes in the Power Factor (PF) caused by the use of photovoltaic DG. For the study, generation and consumption data are collected in a prosumer unit located in Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Two days are used in the analysis, one with a generation higher than the load and another with a generation lower than the load. Current Brazilian legislation is considered in the analyses carried out along the paper. The results obtained indicate changes in the PF of the prosumer due to the use of photovoltaic DG.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABESCO. (2018). A solução 3D para o setor de energia. www.abesco.com.br/pt/novidade/a-solucao-3d-para-o-setor-de-energia
Alves, Z. M. (2018). Determinação do ponto ótimo de injeção de potência para minimização de perdas técnicas e melhoria do nível de tensão em redes elétricas com geração distribuída. Dissertação, Programa de pós-graduação em energia e sustentabilidade (PPGES), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/193259/PGES0001-D.pdf
ANEEL. (2010). Resolução normativa \(\text{n}^{\circ }\) 414, de 9 de setembro de 2010. www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2010414.pdf
ANEEL. (2012a). Audiência Pública \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 065 de 2012. www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/arquivo/2012/065/documento/integra_aviso_presencial_ap_065_2012.pdf
ANEEL. (2012b) Nota técnica \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 83 de 2012. www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/arquivo/2012/065/documento/nota_tecnica_0083_daniel_dir.pdf
ANEEL. (2012c). Resolução normativa \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 482, de 17 de abril de 2012. www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2012482.pdf
. ANEEL. (2013a). Análise de contribuições referente à audiência pública \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 065 de 2013. www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/arquivo/2012/065/resultado/rac_ap-65.pdf
ANEEL. (2013b). Resolução normativa \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 569, de 23 de julho de 2013. www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/arquivo/2012/065/resultado/ren2013569.pdf
ANEEL. (2013c). Resultados da audiência pública \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 65 de 2012. www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/dspListaResultado.cfm?attAnoAud=2012&attIdeAud=691&attAnoFasAud=2012&id_area=13
ANEEL. (2015). Resolução normativa \(\text{ n}^{\circ }\) 687, de 24 de novembro de 2015. www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2015687.pdf
ANEEL. (2020). Unidades consumidoras com geração distribuída. www.aneel.gov.br/geracao-distribuida
COELBA. (2020). Energia reativa. http://servicos.coelba.com.br/comercial-industrial/Pages/energia-reativa.aspx
da Silva Benedito, R., Zilles, R., & Pinho, J. T. (2021). Overcoming the power factor apparent degradation of loads fed by photovoltaic distributed generators. Renewable Energy, 164, 1364–1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.146
Eichkoff, H. S., Marques, R. C., & Mello, A. P. C. D. (2018). Análise da geração distribuída para o controle de tensão e potência reativa em sistemas modernos de distribuição. VII Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar https://anaiscbens.emnuvens.com.br/cbens/article/view/177
Garcez, C. G. (2017). Distributed electricity generation in brazil: An analysis of policy context, design and impact. Utilities Policy, 49, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.06.005
Grady, W. M., & Gilleskie, R. J. (1993). Harmonics and how they relate to power factor. In Proceedings of the EPIR power quality issues & opportunities conference. November, Citeseer.
Humpert, C., & Stadler, I. (2009). Challenges and opportunities of the integration of new consumers and decentralized power plants. By order of the Brazilian Energy Program of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and in cooperation with Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica—ANEEL, Brazil.
IEEE. (2010). IEEE standard definitions for the measurement of electric power quantities under sinusoidal, nonsinusoidal, balanced, or unbalanced conditions. IEEE Std 1459-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1459-2000) (pp. 1–50).
Mozina, C. (2014). Impact of green power inverter-based distributed generation on distribution systems. In 2014 67th Annual conference for protective relay engineers (pp. 264–278). https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799006
Pinto, A., & Zilles, R. (2014). Reactive power excess charging in grid-connected PV systems in Brazil. Renewable Energy, 62, 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.045
Pompermayer, D. C., Marin, C., Mendes, M. A., Queiroz, L. G., Tonini, L. G., Vargas, M. C., & Batista, O. E. (2019). Extra reactive power analysis on a distribution grid with high integration of PV generation. In 2019 IEEE 15th Brazilian power electronics conference and 5th IEEE southern power electronics conference (COBEP/SPEC), IEEE (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/COBEP/SPEC44138.2019.9065632
Schneider Electric. (2020). What is the difference between IEEE and IEC standards in terms of kW, kVAR, and PF (power factor)? www.se.com/ww/en/faqs/FA212521/
Téllez, A. Á., López, G., Isaac, I., & González, J. (2018). Optimal reactive power compensation in electrical distribution systems with distributed resources. Review. Heliyon, 4(8), e00746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00746
Vargas, M. C., Mendes, M. A., & Batista, O. E. (2018). Impacts of high PV penetration on voltage profile of distribution feeders under Brazilian electricity regulation. In 2018 13th IEEE international conference on industry applications (INDUSCON), IEEE (pp. 38–44). https://doi.org/10.1109/INDUSCON.2018.8627070
Acknowledgements
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES/PROEX)—Finance Code 001. An early version of paper was presented at XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática (CBA 2020)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alves, Z.M., Cunico, L.M., Kroth, G. et al. Power Factor in Distributed Generation Installations: A Case Study and Critical Analysis. J Control Autom Electr Syst 33, 198–203 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00801-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00801-1