Skip to main content
Log in

Gradient and Hessian of Joint Probability Function with Applications on Chance-Constrained Programs

  • Published:
Journal of the Operations Research Society of China Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Joint probability function refers to the probability function that requires multiple conditions to satisfy simultaneously. It appears naturally in chance-constrained programs. In this paper, we derive closed-form expressions of the gradient and Hessian of joint probability functions and develop Monte Carlo estimators of them. We then design a Monte Carlo algorithm, based on these estimators, to solve chance-constrained programs. Our numerical study shows that the algorithm works well, especially only with the gradient estimators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. There are technical conditions for interchanging the order of differentiations (see, for instance, Marsden and Hoffman [31]). The conditions are weak and typically satisfied by practical problems. To avoid too much technicality, we implicitly assume that the order can be interchanged throughout the paper.

References

  1. Dentcheva, D., Lai, B., Ruszczyński, A.: Dual methods for probabilistic optimization problems. Math. Methods Oper. Res. 60(2), 331–346 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Prékopa, A., Rapcsák, T., Zsuffa, I.: Serially linked reservoir system design using stochastic programming. Water Resour. Res. 12(4), 672–678 (1978)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., Symonds, G.H.: Cost horizons and certainty equivalents: an approach to stochastic programming of heating oil. Manag. Sci. 4(3), 235–263 (1958)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Miller, L.B., Wagner, H.: Chance-constrained programming with joint constraints. Oper. Res. 13(6), 930–945 (1965)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Prékopa, A.: Probabilistic programming. In: Ruszczynski, A., Shapiro, A. (eds.) Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, volume 10, chapter 5, pp. 267–351. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lagoa, C.M., Li, X., Sznaier, M.: Probabilistically constrained linear programs and risk-adjusted controller design. SIAM J. Optim. 15(3), 938–951 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Ben-Tal, A., Nemirovski, A.: Robust solutions of linear programming problems contaminated with uncertain data. Math. Program. 88(3), 411–424 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Rockafellar, R.T., Uryasev, S.P.: Optimization of conditional value-at-risk. J. Risk 2(3), 21–41 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nemirovski, A., Shapiro, A.: Convex approximations of chance constrained programs. SIAM J. Optim. 17(4), 969–996 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Prékopa, A.: Stochastic Programming. Springer, Netherlands (1995)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, W., Sim, M., Sun, J., Teo, C.-P.: From CVaR to uncertainty set: implications in joint chance-constrained optimization. Oper. Res. 58(2), 470–485 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Uryasev, S.P.: A differentiation formula for integrals over sets given by inclusion. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 10(7), 827–841 (1989)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Marti, K.: Stochastic Optimization Methods. Springer, Berlin (2005)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Calafiore, G., Campi, M.C.: Uncertain convex programs: randomized solutions and confidence levels. Math. Program. 102(1), 25–46 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Calafiore, G., Campi, M.C.: The scenario approach to robust control design. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 51(5), 742–753 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Hong, L.J., Yang, Y., Zhang, L.: Sequential convex approximations to joint chance constrained programs: A Monte Carlo approach. Oper. Res. 59(3), 617–630 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Hong, L.J., Hu, Z., Zhang, L.: Conditional value-at-risk approximation to value-at-risk constrained programs: A remedy via Monte Carlo. INFORMS J. Comput. 26(2), 385–400 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Meng, F.W., Sun, J., Goh, M.: Stochastic optimization problems with CVaR risk measure and their sample average approximation. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 146(2), 399–418 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Sun, H., Xu, H., Wang, Y.: Asymptotic analysis of sample average approximation for stochastic optimization problems with joint chance constraints via conditional value at risk and difference of convex functions. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 161(1), 257–284 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Hu, Z., Hong, L.J., Zhang, L.: A smooth Monte Carlo approach to joint chance-constrained programs. IIE Trans. 45(7), 716–735 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fu, M.C.: Gradient estimation. In: Henderson, S.G., Nelson, B.L. (eds.), Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, volume 13, chapter 19, pp. 575–616. Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2006)

  22. Ho, Y.C., Cao, X.-R.: Perturbation analysis and optimization of queueing networks. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 40(4), 559–582 (1983)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Glasserman, P.: Gradient Estimation via Perturbation Analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell (1991)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Fu, M.C., Hu, J.Q.: Conditional Monte Carlo: Gradient Estimation and Optimization Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell (1997)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Reiman, M.I., Weiss, A.: Sensitivity analysis for simulations via likelihood ratios. Oper. Res. 37(5), 830–844 (1989)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Glynn, P.W.: Likelihood ratio gradient estimation for stochastic systems. Commun. ACM 33(10), 75–84 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hong, L.J., Liu, G.: Pathwise estimation of probability sensitivities through terminating and steady-state simulations. Oper. Res. 58(2), 357–370 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Hong, L.J.: Estimating quantile sensitivities. Oper. Res. 57(1), 118–130 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Fu, M.C., Hong, L.J., Hu, J.Q.: Conditional Monte Carlo estimation of quantile sensitivities. Oper. Res. 55(12), 2019–2027 (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Durrett, R.: Probability: Theory and Examples, 2nd edn. Duxury Press, Belmont (1995)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Marsden, J.E., Hoffman, M.J.: Elementary Classical Analysis, 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1993)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. Bosq, D.: Nonparametric Statistics for Stochastic Processes: Estimation and Prediction. Springer, New York (1998)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Liu, G., Hong, L.J.: Kernel estimation of quantile sensitivities. Nav. Res. Log. 56, 511–525 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Parzen, E.: On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Ann. Math. Stat. 33(3), 1065–1076 (1962)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Shapiro, A., Dentcheva, D., Ruszczyński, A.: Lectures on Stochastic Programming: Modeling and Theory. SIAM, Philadelphia (2009)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Hong, L.J., Liu, G.: Simulating sensitivities of conditional value-at-risk. Manag. Sci. 55(2), 281–293 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Lam, H.: Recovering best statistical guarantees via the empirical divergence-based distributionally robust optimization. arXiv:1605.09349 (2016)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Jeff Hong.

Additional information

This research was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (No. GRF 613213).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hong, L.J., Jiang, GX. Gradient and Hessian of Joint Probability Function with Applications on Chance-Constrained Programs. J. Oper. Res. Soc. China 5, 431–455 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40305-017-0154-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40305-017-0154-6

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation