Abstract
Policymakers are in growing need of metrics which will assist them in ranking and assessing entities on different topics. Composite indicators, aggregated individual indicators, have become a valuable metric to do so. One of the approaches used in the process of their creation is the benefit-of-the-doubt (BoD) model. To overcome the observed issue of full freedom of the BoD model, herein we propose the application of a novel unsupervised approach to imposing constraints: the bootstrap I-distance; a data-driven statistical method used to obtain weight intervals. The proposed variant of the BoD model is named Bootstrap I-distance benefit-of-the-doubt (B-ID-BoD). To verify the B-ID-BoD model, we employed it on the ease of doing business index (EDBI) issued by the World Bank. The obtained results indicate that the model can be solved, that all the imposed constraints have been adhered to, and that the official EDBI weighting scheme does not need alteration. The proposed approach can initiate further research on data-driven approaches to constraining the BoD model and further applications of the bootstrap I-distance.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: B-ID-BoD model scores and ranks, alongside the ranks and values of the official EDBI, authors’ work
Economy | B-ID-BoD score | B-ID-BoD rank | EDBI score | EDBI rank | Economy | B-ID-BoD score | B-ID-BoD rank | EDBI score | EDBI rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | 87.197 | 1 | 86.59 | 1 | Spain | 79.048 | 28 | 77.68 | 30 |
Singapore | 86.087 | 2 | 85.24 | 2 | France | 79.026 | 29 | 77.29 | 32 |
Denmark | 85.792 | 3 | 84.64 | 3 | Kazakhstan | 78.885 | 30 | 77.89 | 28 |
Hong Kong SAR, China | 85.669 | 4 | 84.22 | 4 | Rwanda | 78.861 | 31 | 77.88 | 29 |
Korea, Rep | 85.363 | 5 | 84.14 | 5 | Russian Federation | 78.473 | 32 | 77.37 | 31 |
Norway | 84.392 | 6 | 82.95 | 7 | Portugal | 78.461 | 33 | 76.55 | 34 |
Georgia | 84.184 | 7 | 83.28 | 6 | Netherlands | 78.101 | 34 | 76.04 | 36 |
United Kingdom | 83.681 | 8 | 82.65 | 9 | Belarus | 77.832 | 35 | 75.77 | 37 |
United States | 83.306 | 9 | 82.75 | 8 | Slovenia | 77.726 | 36 | 75.61 | 40 |
Sweden | 83.108 | 10 | 81.27 | 12 | Poland | 77.725 | 37 | 76.95 | 33 |
United Arab Emirates | 83.031 | 11 | 81.28 | 11 | Czech Republic | 77.682 | 38 | 76.1 | 35 |
Taiwan, China | 82.402 | 12 | 80.9 | 13 | Switzerland | 77.570 | 39 | 75.69 | 38 |
Lithuania | 82.333 | 13 | 80.83 | 14 | Japan | 77.179 | 40 | 75.65 | 39 |
Northern Macedonia | 82.079 | 14 | 81.55 | 10 | Armenia | 76.961 | 41 | 75.37 | 41 |
Estonia | 82.002 | 15 | 80.5 | 16 | Slovak Republic | 76.773 | 42 | 75.17 | 42 |
Finland | 81.791 | 16 | 80.35 | 17 | Turkey | 75.241 | 43 | 74.33 | 43 |
Malaysia | 81.519 | 17 | 80.6 | 15 | China | 75.227 | 44 | 73.64 | 46 |
Iceland | 80.724 | 18 | 79.35 | 21 | Belgium | 75.200 | 45 | 73.95 | 45 |
Mauritius | 80.697 | 19 | 79.58 | 20 | Moldova | 75.104 | 46 | 73.54 | 47 |
Australia | 80.649 | 20 | 80.13 | 18 | Kosovo | 75.083 | 47 | 74.15 | 44 |
Latvia | 80.573 | 21 | 79.59 | 19 | Serbia | 74.678 | 48 | 73.49 | 48 |
Germany | 80.186 | 22 | 78.9 | 24 | Italy | 74.645 | 49 | 72.56 | 51 |
Ireland | 80.039 | 23 | 78.91 | 23 | Israel | 73.982 | 50 | 73.23 | 49 |
Austria | 80.029 | 24 | 78.57 | 26 | Hungary | 73.439 | 51 | 72.28 | 53 |
Canada | 79.934 | 25 | 79.26 | 22 | Romania | 73.368 | 52 | 72.3 | 52 |
Thailand | 79.475 | 26 | 78.45 | 27 | Montenegro | 73.356 | 53 | 72.73 | 50 |
Azerbaijan | 79.353 | 27 | 78.64 | 25 | Chile | 73.121 | 54 | 71.81 | 56 |
Cyprus | 73.070 | 55 | 71.71 | 57 | Panama | 67.528 | 83 | 66.12 | 79 |
Croatia | 73.034 | 56 | 71.4 | 58 | Tunisia | 67.396 | 84 | 66.11 | 80 |
Morocco | 72.896 | 57 | 71.02 | 60 | South Africa | 67.032 | 85 | 66.03 | 82 |
Brunei Darussalam | 72.869 | 58 | 72.03 | 55 | Botswana | 66.788 | 86 | 65.4 | 86 |
Mexico | 72.512 | 59 | 72.09 | 54 | El Salvador | 66.727 | 87 | 65.41 | 85 |
Bulgaria | 72.177 | 60 | 71.24 | 59 | Zambia | 66.073 | 88 | 65.08 | 87 |
Luxembourg | 72.122 | 61 | 69.01 | 66 | Saudi Arabia | 65.710 | 89 | 63.5 | 92 |
Bahrain | 71.854 | 62 | 69.85 | 62 | Samoa | 65.576 | 90 | 63.77 | 90 |
Kenya | 70.958 | 63 | 70.31 | 61 | St. Lucia | 65.435 | 91 | 63.02 | 93 |
Albania | 70.483 | 64 | 69.51 | 63 | Tonga | 64.708 | 92 | 63.59 | 91 |
Puerto Rico (U.S.) | 70.393 | 65 | 69.46 | 64 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 64.546 | 93 | 63.82 | 89 |
Costa Rica | 69.972 | 66 | 68.89 | 67 | Seychelles | 64.269 | 94 | 62.41 | 96 |
Colombia | 69.854 | 67 | 69.24 | 65 | Kuwait | 64.263 | 95 | 62.2 | 97 |
Greece | 69.836 | 68 | 68.08 | 72 | Djibouti | 63.921 | 96 | 62.02 | 99 |
Peru | 69.548 | 69 | 68.83 | 68 | Vanuatu | 63.836 | 97 | 62.87 | 94 |
Oman | 69.548 | 70 | 67.19 | 78 | Guatemala | 63.693 | 98 | 62.17 | 98 |
Kyrgyz Republic | 69.519 | 71 | 68.33 | 70 | Uruguay | 63.688 | 99 | 62.6 | 95 |
Vietnam | 69.390 | 72 | 68.36 | 69 | Dominica | 63.417 | 100 | 61.07 | 103 |
Ukraine | 69.189 | 73 | 68.25 | 71 | Jordan | 63.221 | 101 | 60.98 | 104 |
Uzbekistan | 68.699 | 74 | 67.4 | 76 | Fiji | 63.174 | 102 | 61.15 | 101 |
Indonesia | 68.619 | 75 | 67.96 | 73 | Sri Lanka | 62.900 | 103 | 61.22 | 100 |
Mongolia | 68.559 | 76 | 67.74 | 74 | Dominican Republic | 62.674 | 104 | 61.12 | 102 |
Qatar | 68.548 | 77 | 65.89 | 83 | Lesotho | 61.971 | 105 | 60.6 | 106 |
Bhutan | 68.402 | 78 | 66.08 | 81 | Trinidad and Tobago | 61.851 | 106 | 60.81 | 105 |
India | 68.355 | 79 | 67.23 | 77 | Namibia | 61.640 | 107 | 60.53 | 107 |
Jamaica | 67.966 | 80 | 67.47 | 75 | Antigua and Barbuda | 61.565 | 108 | 59.48 | 112 |
San Marino | 67.708 | 81 | 64.74 | 88 | Brazil | 61.534 | 109 | 60.01 | 109 |
Malta | 67.564 | 82 | 65.43 | 84 | Papua New Guinea | 61.198 | 110 | 60.12 | 108 |
Bahamas, The | 60.889 | 111 | 58.9 | 118 | Senegal | 55.673 | 140 | 54.15 | 141 |
Solomon Islands | 60.843 | 112 | 59.17 | 115 | Lebanon | 55.537 | 141 | 54.04 | 142 |
Paraguay | 60.832 | 113 | 59.4 | 113 | Cambodia | 55.450 | 142 | 54.8 | 138 |
Nepal | 60.740 | 114 | 59.63 | 110 | Niger | 55.254 | 143 | 53.72 | 143 |
West Bank and Gaza | 60.671 | 115 | 59.11 | 116 | Mali | 55.035 | 144 | 53.5 | 145 |
Eswatini | 60.597 | 116 | 58.95 | 117 | Grenada | 54.819 | 145 | 52.71 | 147 |
Philippines | 60.438 | 117 | 57.68 | 124 | Tanzania | 54.761 | 146 | 53.63 | 144 |
Ghana | 60.345 | 118 | 59.22 | 114 | Mauritania | 53.927 | 147 | 51.99 | 148 |
Malawi | 60.202 | 119 | 59.59 | 111 | Nigeria | 53.853 | 148 | 52.89 | 146 |
Argentina | 59.785 | 120 | 58.8 | 119 | Marshall Islands | 53.812 | 149 | 51.62 | 150 |
Egypt, Arab Rep | 59.499 | 121 | 58.56 | 120 | Burkina Faso | 53.203 | 150 | 51.57 | 151 |
Belize | 59.415 | 122 | 57.13 | 125 | Benin | 53.102 | 151 | 51.42 | 153 |
Ecuador | 59.354 | 123 | 57.94 | 123 | Gambia, The | 52.989 | 152 | 51.72 | 149 |
Honduras | 58.951 | 124 | 58.22 | 121 | Guinea | 52.923 | 153 | 51.51 | 152 |
St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 58.910 | 125 | 56.35 | 130 | Lao PDR | 52.689 | 154 | 51.26 | 154 |
Barbados | 58.663 | 126 | 56.78 | 129 | Bolivia | 51.862 | 155 | 50.32 | 156 |
Côte d'Ivoire | 58.576 | 127 | 58 | 122 | Algeria | 51.806 | 156 | 49.65 | 157 |
Tajikistan | 58.463 | 128 | 57.11 | 126 | Kiribati | 51.334 | 157 | 49.07 | 158 |
Iran, Islamic Rep | 58.158 | 129 | 56.98 | 128 | Zimbabwe | 51.177 | 158 | 50.44 | 155 |
Cabo Verde | 58.091 | 130 | 55.95 | 131 | Ethiopia | 51.157 | 159 | 49.06 | 159 |
Uganda | 57.837 | 131 | 57.06 | 127 | Sudan | 50.934 | 160 | 48.84 | 162 |
Mozambique | 57.551 | 132 | 55.53 | 135 | Micronesia, Fed. Sts | 50.917 | 161 | 48.99 | 160 |
Palau | 57.329 | 133 | 55.59 | 133 | Sierra Leone | 50.797 | 162 | 48.74 | 163 |
Nicaragua | 57.056 | 134 | 55.64 | 132 | Suriname | 50.627 | 163 | 48.05 | 165 |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 56.986 | 135 | 54.36 | 140 | Comoros | 50.410 | 164 | 48.66 | 164 |
Togo | 56.892 | 136 | 55.2 | 137 | Madagascar | 50.270 | 165 | 48.89 | 161 |
Guyana | 56.481 | 137 | 55.57 | 134 | Burundi | 49.686 | 166 | 47.41 | 168 |
Pakistan | 56.415 | 138 | 55.31 | 136 | Afghanistan | 49.116 | 167 | 47.77 | 167 |
Maldives | 55.973 | 139 | 54.43 | 139 | Cameroon | 48.847 | 168 | 47.78 | 166 |
Economy | B-ID-BoD score | B-ID-BoD rank | EDBI score | EDBI rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Iraq | 47.746 | 169 | 44.72 | 171 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 47.654 | 170 | 45.14 | 170 |
Myanmar | 47.243 | 171 | 44.72 | 172 |
Angola | 46.759 | 172 | 43.86 | 173 |
Gabon | 46.401 | 173 | 45.58 | 169 |
Liberia | 44.887 | 174 | 43.51 | 174 |
Guinea-Bissau | 44.655 | 175 | 42.85 | 175 |
Timor-Leste | 44.471 | 176 | 41.6 | 178 |
Syrian Arab Republic | 44.461 | 177 | 41.57 | 179 |
Bangladesh | 43.670 | 178 | 41.97 | 176 |
Equatorial Guinea | 43.185 | 179 | 41.94 | 177 |
Haiti | 41.382 | 180 | 38.52 | 182 |
Congo, Rep | 40.629 | 181 | 39.83 | 180 |
Chad | 40.412 | 182 | 39.36 | 181 |
Congo, Dem. Rep | 38.527 | 183 | 36.85 | 184 |
South Sudan | 38.031 | 184 | 35.34 | 185 |
Central African Republic | 37.869 | 185 | 36.9 | 183 |
Libya | 37.199 | 186 | 33.44 | 186 |
Yemen, Rep | 36.045 | 187 | 32.41 | 187 |
Venezuela, RB | 31.906 | 188 | 30.61 | 188 |
Eritrea | 26.041 | 189 | 23.07 | 189 |
Somalia | 23.117 | 190 | 20.04 | 190 |
Appendix 2: B-ID-BoD weights assigned to EDBI countries, authors’ work
Economy | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | T10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | 0.108 | 0.094 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Singapore | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Denmark | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Hong Kong SAR, China | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Korea, Rep | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Norway | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.097 |
Georgia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.077 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
United Kingdom | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
United States | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.102 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Sweden | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
United Arab Emirates | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Taiwan, China | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Lithuania | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.104 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Northern Macedonia | 0.108 | 0.094 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Estonia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.104 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Finland | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.107 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Malaysia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Iceland | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Mauritius | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Australia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.112 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Latvia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.106 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Germany | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.106 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Ireland | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Austria | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Canada | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.097 |
Thailand | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Azerbaijan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.076 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Spain | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
France | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Kazakhstan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.098 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Rwanda | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.106 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Russian Federation | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.105 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Portugal | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Netherlands | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.107 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Belarus | 0.108 | 0.094 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Slovenia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.106 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Poland | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Czech Republic | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Switzerland | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Japan | 0.108 | 0.097 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Armenia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Slovak Republic | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Turkey | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
China | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.100 | 0.090 |
Belgium | 0.108 | 0.095 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Moldova | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.104 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Kosovo | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.103 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Serbia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Italy | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.097 |
Israel | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Hungary | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Romania | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.103 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Montenegro | 0.108 | 0.094 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Chile | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Cyprus | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.101 |
Croatia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Morocco | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.108 | 0.100 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Mexico | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.099 |
Bulgaria | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Luxembourg | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bahrain | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.104 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Kenya | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.104 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Albania | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.092 |
Puerto Rico (U.S.) | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Costa Rica | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Colombia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.104 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Greece | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Peru | 0.108 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Oman | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Kyrgyz Republic | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Vietnam | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.111 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Ukraine | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.083 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Uzbekistan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Indonesia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.103 |
Mongolia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Qatar | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bhutan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
India | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Jamaica | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.111 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
San Marino | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Malta | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Panama | 0.108 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Tunisia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
South Africa | 0.108 | 0.097 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Botswana | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
El Salvador | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.106 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Zambia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.112 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Samoa | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
St. Lucia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Tonga | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.098 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Seychelles | 0.108 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Kuwait | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Djibouti | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Vanuatu | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Guatemala | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Uruguay | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Dominica | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Jordan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Fiji | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Sri Lanka | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Dominican Republic | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Lesotho | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.098 | 0.090 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.106 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Namibia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.110 | 0.090 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.106 | 0.090 |
Brazil | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.101 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Papua New Guinea | 0.108 | 0.100 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bahamas, The | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.110 | 0.090 |
Solomon Islands | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Paraguay | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.104 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Nepal | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
West Bank and Gaza | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Eswatini | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Philippines | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Ghana | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.089 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Malawi | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Argentina | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.102 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Egypt, Arab Rep | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.107 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Belize | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Ecuador | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Honduras | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.105 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Barbados | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.105 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Côte d'Ivoire | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.108 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Tajikistan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.098 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Iran, Islamic Rep | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Cabo Verde | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.104 | 0.090 |
Uganda | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Mozambique | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Palau | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.102 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Nicaragua | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.106 | 0.090 |
Togo | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Guyana | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.103 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Pakistan | 0.108 | 0.090 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Maldives | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Senegal | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Lebanon | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.102 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Cambodia | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.105 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Niger | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.100 | 0.090 |
Mali | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Grenada | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Tanzania | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Mauritania | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.100 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Nigeria | 0.108 | 0.091 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Marshall Islands | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Burkina Faso | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Benin | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
The Gambia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.105 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Guinea | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.111 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Lao PDR | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bolivia | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.106 | 0.090 |
Algeria | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.111 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Kiribati | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.104 | 0.090 |
Zimbabwe | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.098 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Ethiopia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.104 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Sudan | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Micronesia, Fed. Sts | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Sierra Leone | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.097 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Suriname | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Comoros | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Madagascar | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.097 | 0.090 |
Burundi | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.102 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Afghanistan | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.104 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.112 |
Cameroon | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.107 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Iraq | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.113 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Myanmar | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.113 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Angola | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Gabon | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Liberia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.103 | 0.112 |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.108 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Timor-Leste | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Syrian Arab Republic | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.106 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Bangladesh | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.101 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.118 | 0.111 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Haiti | 0.087 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Congo, Rep | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.104 | 0.072 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Chad | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.100 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Congo, Dem. Rep | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.103 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
South Sudan | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Central African Republic | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
Libya | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.104 | 0.090 |
Yemen, Rep | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.099 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Venezuela, RB | 0.087 | 0.106 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.095 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Eritrea | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.099 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
Somalia | 0.108 | 0.087 | 0.102 | 0.121 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
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Maricic, M., Jeremic, V. Imposing unsupervised constraints to the Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) model. METRON 81, 259–296 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40300-023-00254-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40300-023-00254-3