Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Differences in Injury Profiles Between Female and Male Athletes Across the Participant Classification Framework: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Systematic Review
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Female sex is a significant determinant of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. It is not understood if sex is a key determinant of other sports-related injuries.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to identify where differences in injury profiles are most apparent between the sexes in all sports across the six-tiered participant classification framework.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the 'implementing PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science’(PERSiST) guidance. The databases PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and EBSCO were searched from database inception to 24 April 2023. Longitudinal, prospective and retrospective cohort studies and cross-sectional and descriptive epidemiology studies that used standard injury data collection were included. Studies were excluded if injuries were not medically diagnosed and if injuries were not reported and/or analysed by sex. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using the Downs and Black checklist.

Results

Overall, 180 studies were included (8 tier-5, 40 tier-4, 98 tier-3, 30 tier-2, 5 tier-1 studies; one study included data in two tiers). Of those, 174 studies were of moderate quality and six studies were of limited quality. In sex-comparable sports, there was moderate evidence that female athletes had greater risk of knee injury (relative risk (RR) 2.7; 95% CI 1.4–5.5), foot/ankle injuries (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.17–1.34), bone stress injury (RR 3.4; 95% CI 2.1–5.4) and concussion (RR 8.46; 95% CI 1.04–68.77) than male athletes. Male athletes were at increased risk of hip/groin injuries (RR 2.26; 95% CI 1.31–3.88) and hamstring injuries (RR 2.4; 95% CI 1.8–3.2) compared with females, particularly in dynamic sports. Male athletes were 1.8 (1.37–2.7) to 2.8 (2.45–3.24) times more likely to sustain acute fractures than female athletes, with the highest risk in competition.

Discussion

Most studies in all cohorts were of moderate quality (mean/range of scores tier-5: 17 ± 2.2 [14–20], tier-4: 16.9 ± 1.9 [11–21], tier-3: 16.9 ± 1.5 [11–20], tier-2: 16.3 ± 2.2 [11–20], tier-1 studies: 15.6 ± 1.3 [14–17] out of 28 on the Downs and Black checklist), with only six studies of limited quality. Female athletes’ propensity for bone stress injuries highlights opportunities to reinforce development of optimal bone health during adolescence and to outline the effects of energy availability. Earlier strength development and exposure to neuromuscular training programmes and modification of skill development in female athletes may be effective strategies for reducing lower limb injury risk. Key components of neuromuscular training programmes could be beneficial for reducing hip/groin and hamstring injury risk in male athletes. There may be a need for sex-specific prevention and return-to-sport protocols for sports-related concussion in female athletes.

Conclusions

Female sex was a key determinant of sports-related injuries beyond ACL injury including foot/ankle injury, bone stress injury and sports-related concussion. Male sex was a key determinant of hip/groin, hamstring injury and upper limb injury.

Trial Registry

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017058806 (last updated on 7th June 2023).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Senne J. Examination of gender equity and female participation in sport. Sport J. 2016;24:12.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Committee IO. IOC guidelines to ensure gender equal fair and inclusive representatioin in sport in Tokyo. 2021. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/new-ioc-guidelines-to-ensure-gender-equal-fair-and-inclusive-representation-in-sport-in-tokyo. Accessed 20 Nov 2021.

  3. Editorial. The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury? J Orthopaed. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0972-978X(16)00023-4.

  4. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Paterno MV, Quatman CE. Mechanisms, prediction, and prevention of ACL injuries: cut risk with three sharpened and validated tools. J Orthop Res. 2016;34:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Montalvo AM, Schneider DK, Webster KE, Yut L, Galloway MT, Heidt RS, Kaeding CC, Kremcheck TE, Magnussen RA, Parikh SN, Stanfield DT, Wall EJ, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis of injury incidence by sex and sport classification. J Athl Train. 2019;54:10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Renstrom P, Ljungqvist A, Arendt E, Beynnon B, Fukubayashi T, Garrett W, Georgoulis T, Hewett TE, Johnson R, Krosshaug T, Mandelbaum B, Micheli L, Myklebust G, Roos E, Roos H, Schamasch P, Shultz S, Werner S, Wojtys E, Engebretsen L. Non-contact ACL injuries in female athletes: an International Olympic Committee current concepts statement. Br J Sport Med. 2008;42:18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Cameron KL, Ford KR, Grooms DR, Lepley LK, Myer GD. Pietrosimone, B anterior cruciate ligament research retreat VIII summary statement: an update on injury risk identification and prevention across the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Continuum, March 14–16, 2019, Greensboro, NC. J Athl Train. 2019;54:14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bruder AM, Crossley KM, Mosler AB, Patterson B, Haberfield M, Donaldson A. Co-creation of a sport-specific anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction program for women: a concept mapping approach. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23:353–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Myer GD, Sugimoto D, Thomas S, Hewett TE. The influence of age on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wild CY, Steele JR, Munro BJ. Why do girls sustain more anterior cruciate ligament injuries than boys? A review of the changes in estrogen and musculoskeletal structure and function during puberty. Sports Med. 2012;42:16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bittencourt NFN, Meeuwisse WH, Mendonça LD, et al. Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:1309–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. McKay A, Stellingwerff T, Smith E, et al. Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17:14. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Crossley KM, Patterson BE, Culvenor AG, Bruder AM, Mosler AB, Mentiplay BF. Making football safer for women: a systematic review and meta- analysis of injury prevention programmes in 11 773 female football (soccer) players. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mentiplay B, Culvenor A, Mosler A, Bruder A, Patterson B, Crossley K. Injury risk reduction strategies for female football: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22:S96–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Benjaminse A, Chaudhari AM, Collins Padua DA. ACL research retreat VI: an update on ACL injury risk and prevention. J Athl Train. 2012;47:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Benjaminse A, Collins M, Ford KR, Kulas AS. ACL research retreat VII: an update anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor identification, screening and prevention. J Athl Train. 2015;50:17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Page MJMJE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, The PRISMA, et al. statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (OPEN ACCESS). 2020;2021:372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Downs SHABN. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ryan R. Cochrane consumers and communication group: meta-analysis. In: Cochrane consumers and communication group reviews: meta-analysis. Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group; 2016.

  20. Kerr ZY, Kroshus E, Grant J, et al. Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s and women’s cross-country injuries, 2009–2010 through 2013–2014. J Athl Train (Allen Press). 2016;51:57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Allen N, Nevil A, Brooks J, et al. Ballet injuries: injury incidence and severity over 1 year. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42:781–90. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Augustovicova D, Lystad RP, Arriaza R. Time-loss injuries in karate: a prospective cohort study of 4 consecutive World Karate Championships. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119865866.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Cierna D, Stefanovsky M, Matejova L, et al. Epidemiology of competition injuries in elite European judo athletes: a prospective cohort study. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;29:336–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Edouard P, Depiesse F, Branco P, et al. Analyses of Helsinki 2012 European Athletics Championships injury and illness surveillance to discuss elite athletes risk factors. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24:409–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Edouard P, Feddermann-Demont N, Alonso JM, et al. Sex differences in injury during top-level international athletics championships: surveillance data from 14 championships between 2007 and 2014. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:472-U482. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Edouard P, Steffen K, Junge A, et al. Gymnastics injury incidence during the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games: analysis of prospectively collected surveillance data from 963 registered gymnasts during Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:475. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Alonso JM, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the winter Olympic Games 2010. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:772–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.076992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J. Injuries among male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19:819–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00861.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hamid MSA, Puji A, Salleh Z, et al. Patterns of injuries and illness among Malaysian athletes during the XVII Asian Games 2014. Sains Malaysiana. 2016;45:1531–6.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Harringe ML, Renstrom P, Werner S. Injury incidence, mechanism and diagnosis in top-level teamgym: a prospective study conducted over one season. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17:115–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00546.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hill T, Orchard J, Kountouris A. Incidence of concussion and head impacts in Australian Elite-level male and female cricketers after head impact protocol modifications. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2019;11:180–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118811315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Junge A, Langevoort G, Pipe A, et al. Injuries in team sport tournaments during the 2004 Olympic games. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:565–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546505281807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Moreno-Perez V, Hernandez-Sanchez S, Fernandez-Fernandez J, et al. Incidence and conditions of musculoskeletal injuries in elite Spanish tennis academies: a prospective study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59:655–65. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08513-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Opar D, Drezner J, Shield A, et al. Acute injuries in track and field athletes a 3-year observational study at the penn relays carnival with epidemiology and medical coverage implications. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:816–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514562553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Opar DA, Drezner J, Shield A, et al. Acute hamstring strain injury in track-and-field athletes: a 3-year observational study at the Penn Relay Carnival. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:E254–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Park KJ, Byung SB. Injuries in elite Korean fencers: an epidemiological study. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:220–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096754.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Park KJ, Lee JH, Kim HC. Injuries in male and female elite Korean wrestling athletes: a 10-year epidemiological study. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:430. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Muscle injury is the principal injury type and hamstring muscle injury is the first injury diagnosis during top-level international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:619-U676. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hollander K, Wellmann K, Zu Eulenburg C, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in outdoor and indoor hockey players over one season: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098948.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1132–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cierna D, Lystad RP. Epidemiology of competition injuries in youth karate athletes: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1285. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Covassin T, Moran R, Elbin RJ. Sex differences in reported concussion injury rates and time loss from participation: an update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004–2005 through 2008–2009. J Athl Train. 2016;51:189–94. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.3.05.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Hosea TM, Carey CC, Harrer MF. The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;372:45–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200003000-00006.

  44. Maciejewski R, Callanta H. Injuries and training variables in Filipino judo athletes. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2016;8:165–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2016-0024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, et al. Injury pattern in youth team handball: a comparison of two prospective registration methods. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16:426–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00484.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pieter W. Competition injury rates in young karate athletes. Sci Sports. 2010;25:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2009.07.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Sex-related injury patterns among selected high school sports. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:385–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Major DH, Steenstrup SE, Bere T, et al. Injury rate and injury pattern among elite World Cup snowboarders: a 6-year cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:18. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Harris R, Trease L, Wilkie K, et al. Rib stress injuries in the 2012–2016 (Rio) Olympiad: a cohort study of 151 Australian Rowing Team athletes for 88 773 athlete days. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:991–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim HC, Ki JP. Injuries in male and female elite aquatic sports athletes: an 8-year prospective, epidemiological study. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19:390–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Trease L, Wilkie K, Lovell G, et al. Epidemiology of injury and illness in 153 Australian international-level rowers over eight international seasons. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:1288–93. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Willauschus M, Rüther J, Millrose M, et al. Foot and ankle injuries in elite taekwondo athletes: a 4-year descriptive analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211061112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Abadi MR, Widyahening IS, Sudarsono NC, et al. Incidence rate of musculoskeletal injuries among professional tennis players during 2019 international tournaments in Indonesia. J Sports Sci Med. 2021;20:268–74. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.268.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Chimera NJ, Merasty D, Lininger MR. Injuries and illnesses across 10 years of Canada games competitions: 2009–2019. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2022;17:1372–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Fröhlich S, Helbling M, Fucentese SF, et al. Injury risks among elite competitive alpine skiers are underestimated if not registered prospectively, over the entire season and regardless of whether requiring medical attention. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2021;29:1635–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06110-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Kim H-C, Park K-J. Type of injury and recovery time in elite adolescent Korean judo athletes: an epidemiological study. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2021;16:682–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Mattiussi AM, Shaw JW, Williams S, et al. Injury epidemiology in professional ballet: a five-season prospective study of 1596 medical attention injuries and 543 time-loss injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55:843–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103817.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Vedung F, Hanni S, Tegner Y, et al. Concussion incidence and recovery in Swedish elite soccer—prolonged recovery in female players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30:947–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Marchena-Rodriguez A, Gijon-Nogueron G, Cabello-Manrique D, et al. Incidence of injuries among amateur badminton players: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2020;99: e19785. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019785.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. O’Connor S, Huseyin OR, Whyte EF, et al. A 2-year prospective study of injuries and illness in an elite national junior tennis program. Phys Sportsmed. 2020;48:342–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1714512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Vaandering K, Meeuwisse D, MacDonald K, et al. Injuries in youth volleyball players at a national championship: incidence, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury. Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Owoeye OBA, Ghali B, Befus K, et al. Epidemiology of all-complaint injuries in youth basketball. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30:2466–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sokka T, Hilska M, Vasankari T, et al. Females sustain more ankle injuries than males in youth football. Int J Sports Med. 2020;41:1017–23. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1192-5399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Beynnon BD, Vacek PM, Murphy D, et al. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma: the effects of sex, level of competition, and sport on the incidence of injury. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1485–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Forward KE, Seabrook JA, Lynch T, et al. A comparison of the epidemiology of ice hockey injuries between male and female youth in Canada. Paediatr Child Health. 2014;19:418–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/19.8.418.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Kerr ZY, Cortes N, Caswell AM, et al. Concussion rates in US middle school athletes, 2015–2016 school year. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53:914–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kolstrup LA, Koopmann KU, Nygaard UH, et al. Injuries during football tournaments in 45,000 children and adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16:1167–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1205145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pasanen K, Hietamo J, Vasankari T, et al. Acute injuries in Finnish junior floorball league players. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:268–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Polites SF, Sebastian AS, Habermann EB, et al. Youth ice hockey injuries over 16 years at a Pediatric Trauma Center. Pediatrics. 2014;133:E1601–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Reid JP, Nelson NG, Roberts KJ, et al. Track-related injuries in children and adolescents treated in US emergency departments from 1991 through 2008. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40:56–63. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2012.05.1965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Stracciolini A, Casciano R, Levey Friedman H, et al. A closer look at overuse injuries in the pediatric athlete. Clin J Sport Med. 2015;25:30–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tsushima WT, Siu AM, Ahn HJ, et al. Incidence and risk of concussions in youth athletes: comparisons of age, sex, concussion history, sport, and football position. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2019;34:60–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Achenbach L, Loose O, Laver L, et al. Beach handball is safer than indoor team handball: injury rates during the 2017 European Beach Handball Championships. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26:1909–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4907-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fares MY, Fares J, Fares Y, et al. Musculoskeletal and head injuries in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Phys Sportsmed. 2019;47:205–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2018.1546108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gescheit DT, Cormack SJ, Duffield R, et al. Injury epidemiology of tennis players at the 2011–2016 Australian Open Grand Slam. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1289–94. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kim KS, Park KJ, Lee J, et al. Injuries in national Olympic level judo athletes: an epidemiological study. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1144–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kirialanis P, Malliou P, Beneka A, et al. Injuries in artistic gymnastic elite adolescent male and female athletes. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2002;16:145–51. https://doi.org/10.3233/bmr-2002-16405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. McCurdie I, Smith S, Bell PH, et al. Tennis injury data from The Championships, Wimbledon, from 2003 to 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:607–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Toohey LA, Drew MK, Finch CF, et al. A 2-year prospective study of injury epidemiology in elite Australian rugby sevens: exploration of incidence rates, severity, injury type, and subsequent injury in men and women. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47:1302–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Jayanthi N, Kleithermes S, Dugas L, et al. Risk of injuries associated with sport specialization and intense training patterns in young athletes: a longitudinal clinical case–control study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120922764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Gill SD, Stella J, Lowry N, et al. Gender differences in female and male Australian football injuries—a prospective observational study of emergency department presentations. J Sci Med sport. 2021;24:670–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hollander K, Johnson CD, Outerleys J, et al. Multifactorial determinants of running injury locations in 550 injured recreational runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021;53:102–7. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sugimoto D, Zwicker RL, Quinn BJ, et al. Part II: comparison of crossfit-related injury presenting to sports medicine clinic by sex and age. Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2020;30:251–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Åman M, Forssblad M, Henriksson-Larsén K. Incidence and severity of reported acute sports injuries in 35 sports using insurance registry data. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26:451–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Åman M, Forssblad M, Larsén K. National injury prevention measures in team sports should focus on knee, head, and severe upper limb injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27:1000–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5225-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Deloes M. Epidemiology of sports injuries in the Swiss Organization youth-and-sports 1987–1989—injuries, exposure and risks of main diagnoses. Int J Sports Med. 1995;16:134–8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Chandran A, Barron MJ, Westerman BJ, et al. Time trends in incidence and severity of injury among collegiate soccer players in the United States: NCAA Injury Surveillance System, 1990–1996 and 2004–2009. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:3237–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516659879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Sex differences and the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2003;38:238–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Cross KM, Gurka KK, Conaway M, et al. Hamstring strain incidence between genders and sports in NCAA athletics. Athl Train Sports Health Care J Pract Clin. 2010;2:124–30.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Cross KM, Gurka KK, Saliba S, et al. Comparison of hamstring strain injury rates between male and female intercollegiate soccer athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:742–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513475342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dalton SL, Kerr ZY, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of hamstring strains in 25 NCAA sports in the 2009–2010 to 2013–2014 academic years. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:2671–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515599631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Eckard TG, Kerr ZY, Padua DA, et al. Epidemiology of quadriceps strains in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes, 2009–2010 through 2014–2015. J Athl Train. 2017;52:474–81. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.2.17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Eckard TG, Padua DA, Dompier TP, et al. Epidemiology of hip flexor and hip adductor strains in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes, 2009/2010–2014/2015. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:2713–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517716179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fulstone D, Chandran A, Barron M, et al. Continued sex-differences in the rate and severity of knee injuries among collegiate soccer players: the NCAA Injury Surveillance System, 2004–2009. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37:1150–3. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-112590.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gessel LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, et al. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train (National Athletic Trainers’ Association). 2007;42:495–503.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hassebrock JD, Patel KA, Makovicka JL, et al. Lumbar spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes: a 6-season epidemiological study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118820046.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Hibberd EE, Kerr ZY, Roos KG, et al. Epidemiology of acromioclavicular joint sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association sports: 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 academic years. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:2667–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516643721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hurtubise JM, Beech C, Macpherson A. Comparing severe injuries by sex and sport in collegiate-level athletes: a descriptive epidemiologic study. Int J Athl Therapy Train. 2015;20:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Kerbel YE, Smith CM, Prodromo JP, et al. Epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in collegiate athletes in the United States. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118771676.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Kerr ZY, Baugh CM, Hibberd EE, et al. Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s and women’s swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:465-U474. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Mauntel TC, Wikstrom EA, Roos KG, et al. The epidemiology of high ankle sprains in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:2156–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517701428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Melvin PR, Souza S, Mead RN, et al. Epidemiology of upper extremity injuries in NCAA men’s and women’s ice hockey. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:2521–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518781338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Owens BD, Agel J, Mountcastle SB, et al. Incidence of glenohumeral instability in collegiate athletics. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1750–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509334591.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE, Roos KG, et al. The epidemiology of stress fractures in collegiate student-athletes, 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years. J Athl Train (Allen Press). 2017;52:966–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Roos KG, Wasserman EB, Dalton SL, et al. Epidemiology of 3825 injuries sustained in six seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s and women’s soccer (2009/2010–2014/2015). Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1029-U1070. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sallis RE, Jones K, Sunshine S, et al. Comparing sports injuries in men and women. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22:420–3. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Simmons MM, Swedler DI, Kerr ZY. Injury surveillance of head, neck, and facial injuries in collegiate ice hockey players, 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years. J Athl Train (Allen Press). 2017;52:776–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Trojan JD, Treloar JA, Smith CM, et al. Epidemiological patterns of patellofemoral injuries in collegiate athletes in the United States from 2009 to 2014. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119840712.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Tummala SV, Hartigan DE, Makovicka JL, et al. 10-year epidemiology of ankle injuries in men’s and women’s collegiate basketball. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118805400.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Westermann RW, Giblin M, Vaske A, et al. Evaluation of men’s and women’s gymnastics injuries: a 10-year observational study. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2015;7:161–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114559705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Wolf BR, Ebinger AE, Lawler MP, et al. Injury patterns in division I collegiate swimming. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:2037–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509339364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Zuckerman SL, Kerr ZY, Yengo-Kahn A, et al. Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in NCAA athletes from 2009–2010 to 2013–2014: incidence, recurrence, and mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:2654–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515599634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Zupon AB, Kerr ZY, Dalton SL, et al. The epidemiology of back/neck/spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s and women’s ice hockey, 2009/2010 to 2014/2015. Res Sports Med. 2018;26:13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2017.1365295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Baugh CM, Kerr ZY. High school rowing injuries: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION). J Athl Train. 2016;51:317–20. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.4.13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Changstrom BG, Brou L, Khodaee M, et al. Epidemiology of stress fracture injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2006 through 2012–2013. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514562739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Collins CL, Micheli LJ, Yard EE, et al. Injuries sustained by high school rugby players in the United States, 2005–2006. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Frey A, Lambert C, Vesselle B, et al. Epidemiology of judo-related injuries in 21 seasons of competitions in France: a prospective study of relevant traumatic injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119847470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Huffman EA, Yard EE, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of rare injuries and conditions among United States high school athletes during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. J Athl Train (National Athletic Trainers’ Association). 2008;43:624–30.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Lincoln AE, Caswell SV, Almquist JL, et al. Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports a prospective 11-year study. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:958–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510392326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of concussions among United States High School athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:747–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511435626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mitchell J, Graham W, Best TM, et al. Epidemiology of meniscal injuries in US high school athletes between 2007 and 2013. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:715–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3814-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Mitchell J, Magnussen RA, Collins CL, et al. Epidemiology of patellofemoral instability injuries among high school athletes in the United States. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1676–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515577786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Muller L, Hildebrandt C, Muller E, et al. Injuries and illnesses in a cohort of elite youth alpine ski racers and the influence of biological maturity and relative age: a two-season prospective study. Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:113–22. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.S133811.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Pierpoint LA, Williams CM, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in United States high school track and field: 2008–2009 through 2013–2014. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1463–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516629950.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Quatman CE, Myer GD, Khoury J, et al. Sex differences in “weightlifting” injuries presenting to united states emergency rooms. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:2061–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86cb9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Schallmo MS, Weiner JA, Hsu WK. Sport and sex-specific reporting trends in the epidemiology of concussions sustained by high school athletes. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2017;99:1314–20. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.01573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Schroeder AN, Comstock RD, Collins CL, et al. Epidemiology of overuse injuries among high-school athletes in the United States. J Pediatr. 2015;166:600–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Swenson DM, Collins CL, Best TM, et al. Epidemiology of knee injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006–2010/2011. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:462–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318277acca.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Swenson DM, Collins CL, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of US high school sports-related ligamentous ankle injuries, 2005/06–2010/11. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:190–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31827d21fe.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Swenson DM, Henke NM, Collins CL, et al. Epidemiology of United States high school sports-related fractures, 2008–09 to 2010–11. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:2078–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512453304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Swenson DM, Yard EE, Collins CL, et al. Epidemiology of US high school sports-related fractures, 2005–2009. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20:293–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e8fae8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Swenson DM, Yard EE, Fields SK, et al. Patterns of recurrent injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2008. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1586–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509332500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Yard EE, Schroeder MJ, Fields SK, et al. The epidemiology of United States high school soccer injuries, 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1930–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Johansen MW, Steenstrup SE, Bere T, et al. Injuries in World Cup telemark skiing: a 5-year cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:453–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Steenstrup SE, Bere T, Bahr R. Head injuries among FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders: a 7-year cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:41–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hinton RY, Lincoln AE, Almquist JL, et al. Epidemiology of lacrosse injuries in high school-aged girls and boys—a 3-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1305–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504274148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hunt KJ, Hurwit D, Robell K, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in elite collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:426–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516666815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Mertz KC, Bolia IK, English MG, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of maxillofacial injuries in NCAA division I athletes participating in 13 sports. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671221083577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Belilos E, Jow S, Maxwell M. Descriptive epidemiology of high school swimming and diving injuries. Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Bretzin AC, Covassin T, Wiebe DJ, et al. Association of sex with adolescent soccer concussion incidence and characteristics. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4: e218191. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8191.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. Chan JJ, Geller JS, Chen KK, et al. Epidemiology of severe foot injuries in US collegiate athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211001131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Comeau AK, Parent EC, Kennedy MD. Do female university varsity athletes have a greater risk of injury within a competitive varsity season? Int J Exerc Sci. 2023;16:129–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Deckey DG, Makovicka JL, Chung AS, et al. Neck and cervical spine injuries in national college athletic association athletes: a 5-year epidemiologic study. Spine. 2020;45:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Deckey DG, Scott KL, Hinckley NB, et al. Hand and wrist injuries in men’s and women’s National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120953070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Fraser JJ, MacGregor AJ, Ryans CP, et al. Sex and occupation are salient factors associated with lateral ankle sprain risk in military tactical athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24:677–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Haines C, Jensen HK, Karim SA, et al. Analysis of injuries in competitive equestrian events. Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2022;32:e508–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Hopkins C, Kanny S, Headley C. The problem of recurrent injuries in collegiate track and field. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2022;17:643–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Lacasse D, Njororai WWS. Season-long pattern and anatomical distribution of injuries among college soccer players. J Phys Educ Sport. 2021;21:927–33.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Lievers WB, Goggins KA, Adamic P. Epidemiology of foot injuries using National Collegiate Athletic Association data from the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 seasons. J Athl Train. 2020;55:181–7. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-560-18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Marshall AN, McLeod TCV, Lam KC. Characteristics of injuries occurring during cross-country: a report from the athletic training practice-based research network. J Athl Train (Allen Press). 2020;55:1230–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Post EG, Simon JE, Robison H, et al. Epidemiology of overuse injuries in US secondary school athletics from 2014–2015 to 2018–2019 using the national athletic treatment, injury and outcomes Network Surveillance Program. J Athl Train (Allen Press). 2022;57:510–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Schroeder GG, McClintick DJ, Trikha R, et al. Injuries affecting intercollegiate water polo athletes: a descriptive epidemiologic study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671221110208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Chatha K, Pruis T, Fernandez Peaguda C, et al. Concussions in soccer: an epidemiological analysis in the pediatric population. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120951077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Chun BJ, Furutani T, Oshiro R, et al. Concussion epidemiology in youth sports: sports study of a Statewide High School Sports Program. Sports Health. 2021;13:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120932570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hoge C, Pirruccio K, Cohen OG, et al. Rising trends in wrestling-associated injuries in females presenting to US Emergency Departments. West J Emerg Med. 2020;22:410–6. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2020.9.48490.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Honrado J, Bay RC, Lam KC. Epidemiology of patients with dance-related injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States, 2014–2018. Sports Health. 2021;13:471–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120984113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Khodaee M, Kirk K, Pierpoint LA, et al. Epidemiology of lacrosse injuries treated at the United States emergency departments between 1997 and 2015. Res Sports Med (Print). 2020;28:426–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1721499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Mintz JJ, Jones CMC, Seplaki CL, et al. Track and field injuries resulting in emergency department visits from 2004 to 2015: an analysis of the national electronic injury surveillance system. Phys Sportsmed. 2021;49:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1779001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Morrissey PJ, Maier Ii SP, Zhou JJ, et al. Epidemiology and trends of adult ice hockey injuries presenting to United States emergency departments: a ten-year analysis from 2007–2016. J Orthop. 2020;22:231–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2020.04.015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Rugg CD, Malzacher T, Ausserer J, et al. Gender differences in snowboarding accidents in Austria: a 2005–2018 registry analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11: e053413. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053413.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Willick SE, Ehn M, Teramoto M, et al. The National Interscholastic Cycling Association mountain biking Injury Surveillance System: 40,000 student-athlete-years of data. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2021;20:291–7. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000850.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Zynda AJ, Wagner Iii KJ, Liu J, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric basketball injuries presenting to emergency departments: sex- and age-based patterns. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211066503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Cory M, Loder RT. The demographics of fractures and dislocations across the Entire United States due to common sports and recreational activities. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2020;12:159–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Stögner VA, Kaltenborn A, Laser H, et al. Hand injuries in sports—a retrospective analysis of 364 cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21:826. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03807-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Xiao CC, Kshirsagar RS, Hoerter JE, et al. Sport and recreational causes of nasal bone fractures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2022;131:760–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894211042446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Hame SL, LaFemina JM, McAllister DR, et al. Fractures in the collegiate athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:446–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503261708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Larruskain J, Lekue JA, Diaz N, et al. A comparison of injuries in elite male and female football players: a five-season prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28:237–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Neidel P, Wolfram P, Hotfiel T, et al. Cross-sectional investigation of stress fractures in German elite triathletes. Sports. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040088.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Owoeye OBA, Aiyegbusi AI, Fapojuwo OA, et al. Injuries in male and female semi-professional football (soccer) players in Nigeria: prospective study of a National Tournament. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:133–133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2451-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Tranaeus U, Gotesson E, Werner S. Injury profile in Swedish elite floorball: a prospective cohort study of 12 teams. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2016;8:224–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116628472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Yang JZ, Tibbetts AS, Covassin T, et al. Epidemiology of overuse and acute injuries among competitive collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2012;47:198–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Darrow CJ, Collins CL, Yard EE, et al. Epidemiology of severe injuries among United States high school athletes 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1798–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509333015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Fernandez WG, Yard EE, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of lower extremity injuries among US high school athletes. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:641–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Harmer PA. Incidence and characteristics of time-loss injuries in competitive fencing: a prospective, 5-year study of national competitions. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18:137–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Kerr ZY, Collins CL, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of player-player contact injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2009. Clin Pediatr. 2011;50:594–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922810390513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Kerr ZY, Collins CL, Pommering TL, et al. Dislocation/separation injuries among US high school athletes in 9 selected sports: 2005–2009. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21:101–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31820bd1b6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kerr ZY, Lincoln AE, Dodge T, et al. Epidemiology of Youth Boys’ and Girls’ Lacrosse Injuries in the 2015 to 2016 Seasons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:284–91. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Kronisch RL, Pfeiffer RP, Chow TK, et al. Gender differences in acute mountain bike racing injuries. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:158–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Lanzi JT, Chandler PJ, Cameron KL, et al. Epidemiology of posterior glenohumeral instability in a young athletic population. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:3315–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517725067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Messina DF, Farney WC, DeLee JC. The incidence of injury in Texas high school basketball—a prospective study among male and female athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:294–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270030401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Miyake E, Yatsunami M, Kurabayashi J, Teruya K, Sekine Y, Endo T, Nishida R, Takano N, Sato S, Kyung HJA. Prospective epidemiological study of injuries in Japanese national tournament-level badminton players from Junior High School to University. Asian J Sports Med. 2016;7:1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Monfort SM, Comstock RD, Collins CL, et al. Association between ball-handling versus defending actions and acute noncontact lower extremity injuries in high school basketball and soccer. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:802–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514564541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Nelson AJ, Collins CL, Yard EE, et al. Ankle injuries among United States high school sports athletes, 2005–2006. J Athl Train (National Athletic Trainers’ Association). 2007;42:381–7.

    Google Scholar 

  184. O’Connor KL, Baker MM, Dalton SL, et al. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 through 2013–2014. J Athl Train. 2017;52:175–85. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Pytiak AV, Kraeutler MJ, Currie DW, et al. An Epidemiological comparison of elbow injuries among United States high school baseball and softball players, 2005–2006 through 2014–2015. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2018;10:119–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117736493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Rauh MJ, Margherita AJ, Rice SG, et al. High school cross-country running injuries: a longitudinal study. Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10:110–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200004000-00005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Roos KG, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY, et al. Epidemiology of overuse injuries in collegiate and high school athletics in the United States. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1790–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Stracciolini A, Casciano R, Friedman HL, et al. Pediatric sports injuries a comparison of males versus females. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:965–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514522393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Tirabassi J, Brou L, Khodaee M, et al. Epidemiology of high school sports-related injuries resulting in medical disqualification 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:2925–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516644604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Dane S, Can S, Gursoy R, et al. Sport injuries: relations to sex, sport, injured body region. Percept Motor Skills. 2004;98:519–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Correa JA. Mechanisms of injury for concussions in university football, ice hockey, and soccer. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24:233–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Leppanen M, Pasanen K, Kannus P, et al. Epidemiology of overuse injuries in youth team sports: a 3-year prospective study. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38:847–56. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-114864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Robinson TW, Corlette J, Collins CL, et al. Shoulder injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006–2011/2012. Pediatrics. 2014;133:272–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Ursej E, Sekulic D, Prus D, et al. Investigating the prevalence and predictors of injury occurrence in competitive hip hop dancers: prospective analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Muscle injury is the principal injury type and hamstring muscle injury is the first injury diagnosis during top-level international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015. Br J Sports Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Bretzin AC, Covassin T, Fox ME, et al. Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: Part 1. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:2263–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518778251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Borowski LA, Yard EE, Fields SK, et al. The epidemiology of US high school basketball injuries, 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:2328–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Ackerman KE, Stellingwerff T, ElliottSale KJ, et al. #REDS (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport): time for a revolution in sports culture and systems to improve athlete health and performance. Br J Sport Med. 2020;0:2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Parsons JL, Coen SE, Bekker S. Anterior cruciate ligament injury: towards a gendered environmental approach. Br J Sport Med. 2021;55:6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Schofield KL, Thorpe H, Sims ST. Compartmentalised disciplines: why low energy availability research calls for transdicsiplinary approaches. Perform Enhance Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Thorpe H. Athletic women’s experiences of amenorrhea: biomedical technologies, somatic ethics and embodied subjectivities. Sociol Sport J. 2016;33:13. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2015-0030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Gilhooly MCR, O’Sullivan K, Norton C. A systematic literature review of injury epidemiology and surveillance practices in elite adult female field-based team sport. J Sci Med Sport. 2023;26:7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. Almousa S, Mullen R, Williams K, et al. Identification of potential risk factors for lower limb injuries in female team-sport athletes: a prospective cohort study. Sci Med Footb. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2023.2181386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Collings TJ, Bourne MN, Barrett RS, et al. Risk factors for lower limb injury in female team field and court sports: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and best evidence synthesis. Sports Med. 2021;51:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01410-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Mason J, et al. Intrinsic risk factors for ankle sprain differ between male and female athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2022;8:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00530-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. The influence of growth and pubertal maturation on neuromuscular performance in high-risk female athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(5):1384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. Zech A, et al. Sex differences in injury rates in team-sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2022;11:10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. Jea E. Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57:6.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Waller B, et al. Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of injuries: a retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8:443–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  210. Danielsson AHA, Senorski C, et al. The mechanism of hamstring injuries—a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  211. Freckleton GaP T. Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Grenn B, Bourne M, van Dyk N, et al. Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI): A 2020 systematic review and meta- analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent hamstring strain injury in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. Martin R, et al. Hamstring strain injury in athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022;52:44. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.0301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Orchard J. Men at higher risk of groin injuries in elite team sports: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Walden M, Hagglund M, Ekstrand J. The epidemiology of groin injury in senior football. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. Schache AG, et al. Anatomical and morphological characteristics may explain why groin pain is more common in male than female athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Schilders E. Groin injuries in athletes. Curr Orthop. 2000;14:5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Haroy J, Thorborg K, Serner A, Bjorkheim A, Rolstad LE, Holmich P, Bahr R, Andersen TE. Including the Copenhagen adduction exercise in the FIFA 11+ provides missing eccentric hip adduction strength effect in male soccer players. A randomised controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Benson Street S, Kaminski T. Does the FIFA 11+ program prevent hamstring injuries in college-aged male soccer players? A critically appraised topic. J Sport Rehabil. 2021;30:2.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Cuchna JW, Welsch L, Meier T, Regelski CL, Van Lunen B. The effectiveness of Nordic hamstring exercises in reducing hamstring injuries in competitive soccer players: a critically appraised topic. Int J Athl Therapy Train. 2017;22:5.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Bel LM, Ducrest N, Bizzini MV. Lower limb exercise based injury prevention programs are effective in improving speed, jumping, agility and balance: an umbrella review. Int J Sports Phys Therapy. 2021;16:8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  222. Petushek EJ, Sugimoto D, Stoolmiller M, Smith G, Myer GD. Evidence-based best-practice guidelines for preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in young female athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Yoo JH, Lim BO, Ha M, Lee SW, Oh SJ, Lee YS, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0901-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Schwank ABP, Asker M, et al. 2022 Bern Consensus statement on soulder injury prevention, rehabilitation, and return to sport for athletes at all particiaption levels. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022;52:17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Sogi Y, Hagiwara Y, Yabe Y, et al. Association between trunk pain and lower extremity pain among youth soccer players: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2018;10:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-018-0102-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. Emami M, Mohseni Bandpei MA, Rahmani N, et al. Association between trunk muscles characteristics with lower limb injuries: a systematic review. Phys Therpay Sport. 2018;32:6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Silva Barros B, Silva Cavalcanti IB, et al. Correlation between upper limb function and clinical measures of shoulder and trunk mobility and strength in overhead athletes with shoulder pain. Phys Ther Sport. 2022;55:8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.02.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. Sciascia AaC R. Review article kinetic chain rehabilitation: a theoretical framework. Rehabil Res Pract. 2012;2012:9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/853037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Cowan S, Schache G, Brukner P, et al. Delayed onset of transversus abdominus in long-standing groin pain. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2004;36:5. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000147587.81762.44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Schuermans J, Danneels L, Van Tiggelen D, et al. Proximal neuromuscular control protects against hamstring injuries in male soccer players: a prospective study with electromyography time-series analysis during maximal sprinting. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516687750. (Epub 2017 Mar 1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Botta A, Waiteman MC, Ozores Perez V, et al. Trunk muscle endurance in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain: Sex differences and correlations with performance tests. Phys Therapy Sport. 2021;52:7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  232. Deering R, Senefeld W, Pashibin T, et al. Muscle function and fatigability of trunk flexors in males and females. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-017-0133-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  233. Deadato M, Saponaro S, Simunic A, et al. Sex-based comparison of trunk flexors and extensors functional and contractile characteristics in young gymnasts. Sport Sci Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-023-01083-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Duffy D, Elliott-Sale KJ, Gardner H, Goldstein S, Wideman L. Endocrine responses to sport-related brain injury in female athletes: a narrative review and a call for action. Endocrines. 2021;2:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  235. McGroarty N, Brown S, Mulcahey M. Sport-related concussion in female athletes: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120932306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  236. Covassin T, Elbin RJ. The female athlete: the role of gender in the assessment and management of sport-related concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2011;1:6.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Wallace J, Covassin T, Beidler E. Sex differences in high school athletes’ knowledge of sport-related concussion symptoms and reporting behaviors. J Athl Train. 2017;52:6.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Zuckerman SL, Apple RP, Odom MJ. Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport related concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;13:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Tierney RT, Sitler MR, Swanik CB, Swanik KA, et al. Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):272–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. McGroaty NK, Brown SM, Mulcahey MK. Sport related concussion in female athletes. Orthop J Sport Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120932306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  241. Dolle JP, Jaye A, Anderson S, et al. Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes form in vitro traumatic axonal injury. Exp Neurol. 2018;30:13.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Davis DP, Douglas DJ, Smith W, et al. Traumatic Brian Injury outcomes in pre and post menopausal females versus age matched males. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23(2):140–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.23.140.

  243. Wunderle K, Hoeger KM, Wasserman E, Bazarian J. Menstrual phase as predictor of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in women. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;26(5):7.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Snook ML, Henry LC, Sanfilippo JS, et al. Association of concussion with abnormal menstrual patterns in adolescent and young women. J Am Med Assoc Pediatr. 2017;171:7.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Chace K, Bachmann G, Simonds A, Dettwiler A. Does oral contraceptive use lessen the impact of concussions in adult female athletes? Obstet Gynecol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000514101.56654.22. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000514101.566.

  246. Lopez V Jr, Ma R, Weinstein MG, et al. Concussive injuries in Rugby 7s: an American experience and current review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1320–30. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. D’Lauro CJE, Swope LMC, et al. Under-representation of female athletes in research informing influential concussion consensus and position statements: an evidence review and synthesis. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56:981–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  248. Hollander K, et al. Sex-specific differences in running injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sports Med. 2021;51:28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  249. De Souza M, Nattiv A, Joy E, et al. Female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad. Br J Sports Med. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, et al. IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sport Med. 2018;52:10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  251. Min S-K, Oh T, Hyun Kim S, et al. Position statement: exercise guidelines to increase peak bone mass in adolescents. J Bone Metab. 2019;26:14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  252. Papageorgiou M, Dolan E, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. Reduced energy availability: implications for bone health in physically active populations. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. Hutson MJ, O’Donnell E, Brooke-Wavell K, Sale C, Blagrove RC. Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: a narrative review. Sports Med. 2021;51:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  254. Nichols D, Sanborn C, Love A. Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females. J Pediatr. 2001;139:6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. Zhao R, Zhao M, Xu Z. The effects of differing resistance training modes on the preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. Progressive high-intensity resistance training and bone mineral density changes among premenopausal women: evidence of discordant site-specific skeletal effects. Sports Med. 2006;36:21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  257. von Stengel S, Kemmler W, Kalender WA, Engelke K, Lauber D. Differential effects of strength versus power training on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a 2-year longitudinal study. Br J Sport Med. 2007;41:6.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Aicale R, Tarantino D, Maffuli N. Overuse injuries in sport: a comprehensive overview. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13:11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  259. Dos’Santos T, Stebbings G, Morse C, et al. Effects of the menstrual cycle phase on anterior cruciate ligament neuromuscular and biomechanical injury risk surrogates in eumenorrheic and naturally menstruating women: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280800.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  260. Martínez-Fortuny N, Alonso-Calvete A, Da Cuña-Carrera I, et al. Menstrual cycle and sport injuries: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043264.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  261. Martin D, Timmins K, Cowie C, Alty J, Mehta R, et al. Injury incidence across the menstrual cycle in international footballers. Front Sports Act Living. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.616999.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  262. Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Br J Sport Med. 2020;54:17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  263. Moore I, Crossley KM, Bo K, et al. Female athlete health domains: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Cierna D, Barrientos M, Agrasar C, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in juniors participating in top-level karate competition: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:730–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Beis K, Pieter W, Abatzides G. Taekwondo techniques and competition characteristics involved in time-loss injuries. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6:45–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  266. Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Taylor WC. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:963–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Yang J, Tibbetts AS, Covassin T, et al. Epidemiology of overuse and acute injuries among competitive collegiate athletes. J Athl Train (National Athletic Trainers’ Association). 2012;47:198–204.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) Injury Prevention Group for funding this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Natalie J. Hardaker, Patria A. Hume & Stacy T. Sims

  2. Accident Compensation Corporation, Wellington, New Zealand

    Natalie J. Hardaker

  3. Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Patria A. Hume

  4. Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

    Patria A. Hume

  5. Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Stacy T. Sims

Authors
  1. Natalie J. Hardaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patria A. Hume
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stacy T. Sims
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Natalie J. Hardaker.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Financial interests: Natalie Hardaker was employed by ACC prior to and throughout the duration of the project. ACC provided funding for the project. The opinions expressed are those solely of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Accident Compensation Corporation, New Zealand. Patria A. Hume and Stacy Sims declare that they have no financial interests. Non-financial interests: The authors declare that they have no non-financial interests.

Compliance with ethical standards

No ethics approval was obtained given this was a literature review.

Funding

The research was funded by the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) Injury Prevention Group, a service group of ACC.

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.

Data availability

All data are included in the supplementary tables.

Author contributions

According to the definition given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the authors listed qualify for authorship based on making one or more substantial contributions to the intellectual content of the manuscript. Grant funding application: Hume; Study conception and design: Hume, Hardaker, Sims; Acquisition of data: Hardaker; Extraction of data: Hardaker; Interpretation of data: Hardaker, Hume, Sims; Drafting of manuscript: Hume, Hardaker, Sims; Critical revision of manuscript: Hardaker, Hume, Sims. All authors read and approved the final version.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hardaker, N.J., Hume, P.A. & Sims, S.T. Differences in Injury Profiles Between Female and Male Athletes Across the Participant Classification Framework: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02010-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02010-7

Search

Navigation