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Motor Competence and Body Mass Index in the Preschool Years: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis of 5545 Children from Eight Countries

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Abstract

Background and Objective

One in five preschool children are overweight/obese, and increased weight status over time increases the risks of poorer future health. Motor skill competence may be a protective factor, giving children the ability to participate in health-enhancing physical activity. Yet, we do not know when the relationship between motor competence and weight status first emerges or whether it is evident across the body mass index (BMI) spectrum. This study examined the association between motor skill competence and BMI in a multi-country sample of 5545 preschoolers (54.36 ± 9.15 months of age; 50.5% boys) from eight countries.

Methods

Quantile regression analyses were used to explore the associations between motor skill competence (assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second/Third Edition) and quantiles of BMI (15th; 50th; 85th; and 97th percentiles), adjusted for sex, age in months, and country.

Results

Negative associations of locomotor skills, ball skills, and overall motor skill competence with BMI percentiles (p < 0.005) were seen, which became stronger at the higher end of the BMI distribution (97th percentile). Regardless of sex, for each raw score point increase in locomotor skills, ball skills, and overall motor skill competence scores, BMI is reduced by 8.9%, 6.8%, and 5.1%, respectively, for those preschoolers at the 97th BMI percentile onwards.

Conclusions

Public health policies should position motor skill competence as critical for children’s obesity prevention from early childhood onwards. Robust longitudinal and experimental designs are encouraged to explore a possible causal pathway between motor skill competence and BMI from early childhood.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Clarice Martins, Luís Filipe Lemos & Jorge Mota

  2. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

    Clarice Martins

  3. Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Vicente Romo-Perez

  4. Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    E. Kipling Webster

  5. Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Michael Duncan

  6. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Amanda E. Staiano

  7. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

    Anthony Okely, Penny Cross & Rachel Jones

  8. Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Daniele Magistro

  9. Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori, Uni-Astiss, Asti, Italy

    Fabio Carlevaro & Francesca Magno

  10. Strathclyde Institute of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

    Farid Bardid

  11. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil

    Glauber Nobre

  12. AFIPS Research Group, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Isaac Estevan

  13. School of Physical Education and Sport, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China

    Ke Ning

  14. School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Leah E. Robinson

  15. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Matthieu Lenoir

  16. School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

    Minghui Quan

  17. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Nadia C. Valentini

  18. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

    Rafael Henrique

  19. Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Si-Tong Chen

  20. School of Sport, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China

    Yucui Diao

  21. Department of Physical Education, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil

    Paulo R. Bandeira

  22. Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

    Lisa M. Barnett

  23. School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

    Rachel Jones

  24. Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport, Lusofona University, Porto, Portugal

    Luís Filipe Lemos

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  1. Clarice Martins
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  2. Vicente Romo-Perez
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  4. Michael Duncan
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  5. Luís Filipe Lemos
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  8. Daniele Magistro
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  15. Ke Ning
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  16. Leah E. Robinson
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  19. Nadia C. Valentini
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clarice Martins.

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Funding

Funding for the original projects was obtained by the following co-authors: DM, FC and FM were supported by the Fondo Assistenza e Benessere S.M.S (FAB), Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Asti, Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (UNI-Astiss) and Citta` di Asti for the “Benessere in Gioco” project. ML and FB were supported for the Multimove for Kids project by the Flemish Government. IE was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital (project APE/2021/013). AES and LKW were supported by NIH NICHD R21HD095035; Gulf States-HPC from the NIHMD NIH (U54MD008602), P30DK072476, U54GM104940, and the LSU Biomedical Collaborative Research Program. LER was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health under the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL132979). AO, PC, and RJ were supported by The Australian Data from New South Wales, using funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP1062433). LMB accessed data from The Melbourne INFANT Program follow-ups that were funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (GNT1008879). PRB was supported by the Scholarship Program for Productivity in Research and Stimulus to Interiorization and Technological Innovation—BPI (04–2022).

Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests

All the authors declare no funding, employment, financial or non-financial conflicts of interest.

Ethics Approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Institutional review board/ethics committee approval was obtained by each collaborator’s institutional review board and is presented in Table 1 of the ESM.

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Availability of Data and Material

Data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the article as tables, figures, and/or the ESM, and are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors’ Contributions

CM: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, methodology, project administration, writing (original draft). VRP: conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, methodology, writing (review and editing). EKW and MD: data curation, project administration, supervision, writing (review and editing). LFL: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing (review and editing). AS, AO, DM, FB, IE, JM, LER, ML, SC, NV: data curation, supervision, writing (review and editing). FC, FM, KN, MQ, PC, RJ, RH, YD: data curation, writing (review and editing). PRB: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing (review and editing). LB: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, supervision, writing (original draft). All authors have read and approved the manuscript, and have agreed both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even those in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. All authors read and approved the final version.

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Martins, C., Romo-Perez, V., Webster, E.K. et al. Motor Competence and Body Mass Index in the Preschool Years: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis of 5545 Children from Eight Countries. Sports Med 54, 505–516 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01929-7

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