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Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Background

Heat is associated with physiological strain and endurance performance (EP) impairments. Studies have investigated the impact of caffeine intake upon EP and core temperature (CT) in the heat, but results are conflicting. There is a need to systematically determine the impact of pre-exercise caffeine intake in the heat.

Objective

To use a meta-analytical approach to determine the effect of pre-exercise caffeine intake on EP and CT in the heat.

Design

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Data Sources

Four databases and cross-referencing.

Data Analysis

Weighted mean effect summaries using robust variance random-effects models for EP and CT, as well as robust variance meta-regressions to explore confounders.

Study Selection

Placebo-controlled, randomized studies in adults (≥ 18 years old) with caffeine intake at least 30 min before endurance exercise ≥ 30 min, performed in ambient conditions ≥ 27 °C.

Results

Respectively six and 12 studies examined caffeine’s impact on EP and CT, representing 52 and 205 endurance-trained individuals. On average, 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine were taken 1 h before exercises of ~ 70 min conducted at 34 °C and 47% relative humidity. Caffeine supplementation non-significantly improved EP by 2.1 ± 0.8% (95% CI − 0.7 to 4.8) and significantly increased the rate of change in CT by 0.10 ± 0.03 °C/h (95% CI 0.02 to 0.19), compared with the ingestion of a placebo.

Conclusion

Caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise in the heat may provide a worthwhile improvement in EP, is unlikely to be deleterious to EP, and trivially increases the rate of change in CT.

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Acknowledgements

Thomas A. Deshayes is financially supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé (FRQS). The authors wish to thank the researchers who shared experimental data and provided further information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada

    Catherine Naulleau, David Jeker, Timothée Pancrate, Pascale Claveau, Thomas A. Deshayes & Eric D. B. Goulet

  2. Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada

    Catherine Naulleau & David Jeker

  3. Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada

    Thomas A. Deshayes & Eric D. B. Goulet

  4. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Louise M. Burke

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  1. Catherine Naulleau
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Correspondence to Eric D. B. Goulet.

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Catherine Naulleau, David Jeker, Timothée Pancrate, Pascale Claveau, Thomas A. Deshayes, Louise M. Burke, and Eric D.B. Goulet declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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CN, DJ, TP, PC, TAD, and EDBG designed the research and performed the literature search. TP, TAD and EDBG performed the data extraction. TAD and EDBG performed the statistical analyses. TP, TAD, and EDBG designed the tables and figures. CN, DJ, TP, PC, TAD, LMB, and EDBG interpreted data, and drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Naulleau, C., Jeker, D., Pancrate, T. et al. Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 52, 2431–2445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1

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