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Effects of Maternal Exercise During Pregnancy on Perinatal Growth and Childhood Obesity Outcomes: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression

Sports Medicine volume 51, pages 2329–2347 (2021)Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 09 July 2021

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

Perinatal growth abnormalities program susceptibility to childhood obesity, which is further exaggerated by maternal overweight and obesity (MO) during pregnancy. Exercise is highly accessible, but reports about the benefits of maternal exercise on fetal growth and childhood obesity outcomes are inconsistent, reducing the incentives for pregnant women to participate in exercise to improve children’s perinatal growth.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to establish evidence-based efficacy of exercise in mothers with normal weight (MNW) and MO during pregnancy in reducing the risks of perinatal growth abnormalities and childhood obesity. In addition, the impacts of exercise volume are also assessed.

Methods

The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 15, 2020. We included randomized controlled trials with exercise-only intervention or exercise with other confounders in pregnant MNW (body mass index, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and MO (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), which were further subgrouped in the meta-analysis. Primary outcomes included birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), infant and childhood weight, and childhood obesity. A linear meta-regression analysis was also used to explore the effects of exercise volume on outcomes.

Results

99 studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 596,876), and individual study quality ranged from fair to good according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale assessment. Exercise only interventions in MNW reduced preterm birth by 15% (26 studies, n = 76,132; odds ratio [OR] 0.85; 95% CI 0.72, 1.01; I2 = 83.3%), SGA by 17% (33 studies, n = 92,351; OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.98; I2 = 74.5%) and LGA by 17% (29 studies, n = 84,310; OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.74, 0.95; I2 = 60.4%). Exercise only interventions in MO reduced preterm birth by 33% (2 studies, n = 3,050; OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.70, 0.96; I2 = 0%), SGA by 27% (8 studies, n = 3,909; OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.50, 1.05; I2 = 40.4%) and LGA by 55% (9 studies, n = 81,581; OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.18, 1.11; I2 = 98.3%). Exercise only interventions in MNW reduced childhood obesity by 53% (3 studies, n = 6,920; OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.36, 0.63; I2 = 77.0%). However, no significant effect was observed in outcomes from exercise confounders in either MNW or MO. In the meta-regression, the volume of exercise-only intervention in MNW was negatively associated with birth weight, greatly driven by volumes more than 810 metabolic equivalents (MET)-min per week. Other outcomes were not associated with exercise volume.

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that exercise during pregnancy in both MNW and MO safely and effectively reduce the risks of preterm birth, SGA, and LGA. Furthermore, MNW exercise also reduces the risk of childhood obesity. Overall, regardless of prepregnancy BMI, maternal exercise during pregnancy provides an excellent opportunity to mitigate the high prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and childhood obesity.

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Author notes

  1. Yanting Chen and Guiling Ma contributed equally to this research.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Yanting Chen, Jeanene M. Deavila & Min Du

  2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People’s Republic of China

    Guiling Ma & Yun Hu

  3. Nutrigenoimics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Yanting Chen, Jeanene M. Deavila & Min Du

  4. Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA

    Qiyuan Yang

  5. School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Mei-Jun Zhu

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Correspondence to Min Du.

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Funding

US National Institute of Health R01-HD067449 and R21-AG049976.

Conflict of interest

Yanting Chen, Guiling Ma, Qiyuan Yang, Yun Hu, Jeanene Deavila, Meijun Zhu, and Min Du declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

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All authors contributed to the design, data interpretation, and revising of the article. YC, GM, YH, QY, and JD screened the studies and extracted and analyzed data. YC, GM, YH, QY, JD, MZ, and MD contributed to the literature search, data extraction, and analysis. YT and GM led the quantitative analysis. MZ and MD were expert advisers. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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The original article has been updated: Due to Figures 3, 4 and 5 update.

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Chen, Y., Ma, G., Hu, Y. et al. Effects of Maternal Exercise During Pregnancy on Perinatal Growth and Childhood Obesity Outcomes: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med 51, 2329–2347 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01499-6

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