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Acute Effects of Warm-Up, Exercise and Recovery-Related Strategies on Assessments of Soccer Kicking Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review

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Abstract

Background

A number of reviews have collated information on the impact of warming-up, physical exertion and recovery strategies on physical, subjective and physiological markers in soccer players yet none have solely analyzed their potential effects on components of kicking performance.

Objective

To systematically analyse the influence of warm-up, exercise and/or recovery-related strategies on kicking performance in male soccer players and provide a critical appraisal on research paradigm related to kicking testing constraints and data acquisition methods.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed (until July 2020) in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and ProQuest. Studies in male soccer populations, which included the effects of warm-up routines, physical exercise and/or recovery-related interventions, reported on comparisons pre–post or between experimental conditions and that computed at least one measure of kicking kinematics and/or performance were considered. Methodological quality and risk of bias were determined for the included studies. Constraints related to kicking testing and data acquisition methods were also summarized and discussed.

Results

Altogether, 52 studies were included. Of these, 10 examined the respective effects of a warm-up, 34 physical exercise, and 21 recovery-related strategies. The results of eight studies showed that lower limb kinematics, kicking accuracy or ball velocity were improved following warm-ups involving dynamic but not static stretching. Declines in ball velocity occurred notably following intermittent endurance or graded until exhaustion exercise (three studies in both cases) without inclusion of any ball skills. In contrast, conflicting evidence in five studies was observed regarding ball velocity following intermittent endurance exercise interspersed with execution of ball skills. Kicking accuracy was less frequently affected by physical exercise (remained stable across 14 of 19 studies). One investigation indicated that consumption of a carbohydrate beverage pre- and mid-exercise demonstrated benefits in counteracting the potentially deleterious consequences of exercise on ball velocity, while four studies reported conflicting results regarding kicking accuracy. Most evidence synthesized for the interventions demonstrated moderate level (77%) and unclear-to-high risk of bias in at least one item evaluated (98%). The main limitations identified across studies were kicks generally performed over short distances (50%), in the absence of opposition (96%), and following experimental instructions which did not concomitantly consider velocity and accuracy (62%). Also, notational-based metrics were predominantly used to obtain accuracy outcomes (54%).

Conclusions

The results from this review can help inform future research and practical interventions in an attempt to measure and optimise soccer kicking performance. However, given the risk of bias and a relative lack of strong evidence, caution is required when applying some of the current findings in practice.

PROSPERO ID: CRD42018096942.

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Acknowledgements

The authors offer warm thanks to the study authors who provided additional data for summarization of results.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Department, UNESP São Paulo State University, Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 - Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil

    Luiz H. Palucci Vieira, Felipe B. Santinelli & Fabio A. Barbieri

  2. Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 87 bd Grenelle, 75015, Paris, France

    Christopher Carling

  3. Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece

    Eleftherios Kellis

  4. LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, EEFERP School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

    Paulo R. P. Santiago

Authors
  1. Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
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  2. Felipe B. Santinelli
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  3. Christopher Carling
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  4. Eleftherios Kellis
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  5. Paulo R. P. Santiago
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  6. Fabio A. Barbieri
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luiz H. Palucci Vieira.

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Conflict of interest

Luiz Henrique Palucci Vieira, Felipe Balistieri Santinelli, Christopher Carling, Eleftherios Kellis, Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago and Fabio Augusto Barbieri declare that they have no conflict of interest relevant to the content of this review.

Funding

This study was funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP Doctorate scholarship under process number [2018/02965-7] received by Luiz H. Palucci Vieira, and in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. Paulo Santiago is supported by FAPESP Grants [2019/22262-3] and [2019/17729-0].

Data Availability Statement

All raw data supporting this systematic review are from previously reported studies, which have been cited. Additional processed data that support the findings of the current review are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Author contributions

LV and FB designed the research. FB, CC and PS supervised the research activity planning and execution. LV and FS conducted the literature search, screening steps and data extraction, which were verified by EK. LV, FS, CC, EK, PS and FB interpreted the data analysis. LV and CC wrote the first draft of the manuscript with critical input from FS, EK, PS and FB. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Palucci Vieira, L.H., Santinelli, F.B., Carling, C. et al. Acute Effects of Warm-Up, Exercise and Recovery-Related Strategies on Assessments of Soccer Kicking Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review. Sports Med 51, 661–705 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01391-9

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