Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects and Dose–Response Relationship of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Systematic Review
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Effects and dose–response relationships of balance training on measures of balance are well-documented for healthy young and old adults. However, this has not been systematically studied in youth.

Objectives

The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to quantify effects of balance training (BT) on measures of static and dynamic balance in healthy children and adolescents. Additionally, dose–response relations for BT modalities (e.g. training period, frequency, volume) were quantified through the analysis of controlled trials.

Data Sources

A computerized systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science from January 1986 until June 2017 to identify articles related to BT in healthy trained and untrained children and adolescents.

Study Eligibility Criteria

A systematic approach was used to evaluate articles that examined the effects of BT on balance outcomes in youth. Controlled trials with pre- and post-measures were included if they examined healthy youth with a mean age of 6–19 years and assessed at least one measure of balance (i.e. static/dynamic steady-state balance, reactive balance, proactive balance) with behavioural (e.g. time during single-leg stance) or biomechanical (e.g. centre of pressure displacements during single-leg stance) test methods.

Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods

The included studies were coded for the following criteria: training modalities (i.e. training period, frequency, volume), balance outcomes (i.e. static and dynamic balance) as well as chronological age, sex (male vs. female), training status (trained vs. untrained), setting (school vs. club), and testing method (biomechanical vs. physical fitness test). Weighted mean standardized mean differences (SMDwm) were calculated using a random-effects model to compute overall intervention effects relative to active and passive control groups. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and χ2 statistics. A multivariate random effects meta-regression was computed to explain the influence of key training modalities (i.e. training period, training frequency, total number of training sessions, duration of training sessions, and total duration of training per week) on the effectiveness of BT on measures of balance performance. Further, subgroup univariate analyses were computed for each training modality. Additionally, dose–response relationships were characterized independently by interpreting the modality specific magnitude of effect sizes. Methodological quality of the included studies was rated with the help of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale.

Results

Overall, our literature search revealed 198 hits of which 17 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Irrespective of age, sex, training status, sport discipline and training method, moderate to large BT-related effects were found for measures of static (SMDwm = 0.71) and dynamic (SMDwm = 1.03) balance in youth. However, our subgroup analyses did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the moderator variables age, sex, training status, setting and testing method on overall balance (i.e. aggregation of static and dynamic balance). BT-related effects in adolescents were moderate to large for measures of static (SMDwm = 0.61) and dynamic (SMDwm = 0.86) balance. With regard to the dose–response relationships, findings from the multivariate random effects meta-regression revealed that none of the examined training modalities predicted the effects of BT on balance performance in adolescents (R2 = 0.00). In addition, results from univariate analysis have to be interpreted with caution because training modalities were computed as single factors irrespective of potential between-modality interactions. For training period, 12 weeks of training achieved the largest effect (SMDwm = 1.40). For training frequency, the largest effect was found for two sessions per week (SMDwm = 1.29). For total number of training sessions, the largest effect was observed for 24–36 sessions (SMDwm = 1.58). For the modality duration of a single training session, 4–15 min reached the largest effect (SMDwm = 1.03). Finally, for the modality training per week, a total duration of 31–60 min per week (SMDwm = 1.33) provided the largest effects on overall balance in adolescents. Methodological quality of the studies was rated as moderate with a median PEDro score of 6.0.

Limitations

Dose–response relationships were calculated independently for training modalities (i.e. modality specific) and not interdependently. Training intensity was not considered for the calculation of dose–response relationships because the included studies did not report this training modality. Further, the number of included studies allowed the characterization of dose–response relationships in adolescents for overall balance only. In addition, our analyses revealed a considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 66–83%). The results of this meta-analysis have to be interpreted with caution due to their preliminary status.

Conclusions

BT is a highly effective means to improve balance performance with moderate to large effects on static and dynamic balance in healthy youth irrespective of age, sex, training status, setting and testing method. The examined training modalities did not have a moderating effect on balance performance in healthy adolescents. Thus, we conclude that an additional but so far unidentified training modality may have a major effect on balance performance that was not assessed in our analysis. Training intensity could be a promising candidate. However, future studies are needed to find appropriate methods to assess BT intensity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mickle KJ, Munro BJ, Steele JR. Gender and age affect balance performance in primary school-aged children. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(3):243–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Roncesvalles MN, Woollacott MH, Jensen JL. Development of lower extremity kinetics for balance control in infants and young children. J Mot Behav. 2001;33(2):180–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890109603149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hrysomallis C. Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Med. 2011;41(3):221–32. https://doi.org/10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kiers H, van Dieen J, Dekkers H, Wittink H, Vanhees L. A systematic review of the relationship between physical activities in sports or daily life and postural sway in upright stance. Sports Med. 2013;43(11):1171–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0082-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kibele A, Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Behm DG. Stable, unstable and metastable states of equilibrium: definitions and applications to human movement. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14(4):885–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, Cowley PM. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position stand: the use of instability to train the core in athletic and nonathletic conditioning. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35(1):109–12. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, Cowley PM. The use of instability to train the core musculature. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35(1):91–108. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson K, Behm DG. The impact of instability resistance training on balance and stability. Sports Med. 2005;35(1):43–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Behm DG, Wahl MJ, Button DC, Power KE, Anderson KG. Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(2):326–31. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-14043.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Behm DG, Colado JC. The effectiveness of resistance training using unstable surfaces and devices for rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(2):226–41.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, Cowley PM. The role of instability rehabilitative resistance training for the core musculature. Strength Cond J. 2011;33(3):72–81. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318213af91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Yaggie JA, Campbell BM. Effects of balance training on selected skills. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(2):422–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-17294.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mahmoud MH. Balance exercises as the basis for developing the level of physical and skill performance in basketball young players. World J Sport Sci. 2011;4(2):172–8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lesinski M, Hortobagyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):557–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lesinski M, Hortobagyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0375-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Zech A, Hubscher M, Vogt L, Banzer W, Hansel F, Pfeifer K. Balance training for neuromuscular control and performance enhancement: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2010;45(4):392–403. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.392.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Kümmel J, Kramer A, Giboin L-S, Gruber M. Specificity of balance training in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46:1261–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0515-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Kriemler S. Effects of balance training on postural sway, leg extensor strength, and jumping height in adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(3):245–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Emery CA, Cassidy JD, Klassen TP, Rosychuk RJ, Rowe BH. Effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2005;172(6):749–54. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1040805.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Malliou P, Gioftsidou A, Pafis G, Beneka A, Godolias G. Proprioceptive training (balance exercises) reduces lower extremity injuries in young soccer players. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2004;17:101–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Steindl R, Kunz K, Schrott-Fischer A, Scholtz AW. Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(6):477–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001022.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Frisch A, Croisier JL, Urhausen A, Seil R, Theisen D. Injuries, risk factors and prevention initiatives in youth sport. Br Med Bull. 2009;92:95–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldp034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Ford KR, Best TM, Bergeron MF, Hewett TE. When to initiate integrative neuromuscular training to reduce sports-related injuries and enhance health in youth? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011;10(3):155–66. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31821b1442.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, Morrissey D. The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10:75. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ladenhauf HN, Graziano J, Marx RG. Anterior cruciate ligament prevention strategies: are they effective in young athletes—current concepts and review of literature. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(1):64–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835ad208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Myer GD, Sugimoto D, Thomas S, Hewett TE. The influence of age on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(1):203–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512460637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Emery CA, Roy TO, Whittaker JL, Nettel-Aguirre A, van Mechelen W. Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):865–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Romero-Rodriguez D, Lloyd RS, Kushner A, Myer GD. Integrative neuromuscular training in youth athletes. Part II: strategies to prevent injuries and improve performance. Strength Cond J. 2016;38(4):9–27. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000234.

  30. Moksnes H, Grindem H. Prevention and rehabilitation of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(3):730–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3856-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sabato TM, Walch TJ, Caine DJ. The elite young athlete: strategies to ensure physical and emotional health. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:99–113. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S96821.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Brachman A, Kamieniarz A, Michalska J, Pawlowski M, Slomka KJ, Juras G. Balance training programs in athletes—a systematic review. J Hum Kinet. 2017;58:45–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0088.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:e1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Oded B-O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Farlie MK, Robins L, Keating JL, Molloy E, Haines TP. Intensity of challenge to the balance system is not reported in the prescription of balance exercises in randomised trials: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59(4):227–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1836-9553(13)70199-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott HM. Motor control: translating research into clinical practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00360-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):129–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70043-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Physiotherapy Database. PEDro [database on the Internet]. Available from: https://www.pedro.org.au/. Accessed 30 July 2017.

  40. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. London: Academic Press Inc., Ltd.; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Centre TNC. Review manager (RevMan). Copenhagen: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT. Statistical algorithms in Review Manager 5. 2010. http://tech.cochrane.org/revman/documentation/Statistical-methods-in-RevMan-5.pdf.

  44. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. 5.1.0 ed. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.

  47. Kollmitzer J, Ebenbichler GR, Sabo A, Kerschan K, Bochdansky T. Effects of back extensor strength training versus balance training on postural control. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(10):1770–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200010000-00017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bal B. Effect of high holume versus low volume balance training on static and dynamic balance. Int J Sports Sci Eng. 2012;06:9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dobrijević S, Moskovljević L, Dabović M. The influence of proprioceptive training on young rhythmic gymnasts balance. Facta Univ. 2016;14:247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kovacs EJ, Birmingham TB, Forwell L, Litchfield RB. Effect of training on postural control in figure skaters: a randomized controlled trial of neuromuscular versus basic off-ice training programs. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(4):215–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200407000-00004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ljubojević A, Bijelić S, Zagorc M, Radisavljević L, Uzunović S, Pantelić K. Effects of proprioceptive training on balance skills among sport dance dancers. Facta Univ. 2012;10:257–66.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kayapmar FÇ. The effect of the movement education on the dynamic balance skills of preschool children. World Appl Sci J. 2010;10:607–11.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Altınkök M. Examining the effects of “Activity Education with Coordination” on the development of balance and arm power in 6-year-old primary school children. Int Online J Edu Sci. 2015;7:140–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Heleno LR, da Silva RA, Shigaki L, Araujo CG, Coelho Candido CR, Okazaki VH, et al. Five-week sensory motor training program improves functional performance and postural control in young male soccer players—a blind randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther Sport. 2016;22:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.05.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pau M, Loi A, Pezzotta MC. Does sensorimotor training improve the static balance of young volleyball players? Sports Biomech. 2012;11(1):97–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2011.637126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Walchli M, Ruffieux J, Mouthon A, Keller M, Taube W. Is young age a limiting factor when training balance? Effects of child-oriented balance training in children and adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017;2017:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Winter T, Beck H, Walther A, Zwipp H, Rein S. Influence of a proprioceptive training on functional ankle stability in young speed skaters—a prospective randomised study. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(8):831–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.964751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Boccolini G, Brazzit A, Bonfanti L, Alberti G. Using balance training to improve the performance of youth basketball players. Sport Sci Health. 2013;9(2):37–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-013-0143-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Gioftsidou A, Malliou P, Pafis G, Beneka A, Godolias G, Maganaris CN. The effects of soccer training and timing of balance training on balance ability. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(6):659–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0123-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Maestrini L, Zahner L, Gollhofer A. Can balance training promote balance and strength in prepubertal children? J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(6):1759–66. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da7886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB. The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(11):871–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Taube W, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008;193(2):101–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01850.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Taube W, Gruber M, Beck S, Faist M, Gollhofer A, Schubert M. Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007;189(4):347–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-201X.2007.01665.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Behm DG, Sale DG. Velocity specificity of resistance training. Sports Med. 1993;15(6):374–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Freyler K, Krause A, Gollhofer A, Ritzmann R. Specific stimuli induce specific adaptations: sensorimotor training vs. reactive balance training. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167557.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Taube W, Kullmann N, Leukel C, Kurz O, Amtage F, Gollhofer A. Differential reflex adaptations following sensorimotor and strength training in young elite athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(12):999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-964996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hammami R, Chaouachi A, Makhlouf I, Granacher U, Behm DG. Associations between balance and muscle strength, power performance in male youth athletes of different maturity status. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(4):521–34. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hammami R, Granacher U, Makhlouf I, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Sequencing effects of balance and plyometric training on physical performance in youth soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(12):3278–89. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. U-shaped dose-responses in biology, toxicology, and public health. Ann Rev Public Health. 2001;22(15–33):15–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Williams CA. Trainability of young athletes: short-term goals or long-term mission? Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(4):485–7. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Martijn Gäbler and Dr. Thomas Muehlbauer for their helpful comments on the applied methods and study design.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany

    Arnd Gebel, Melanie Lesinski & Urs Granacher

  2. School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF, Canada

    David G. Behm

Authors
  1. Arnd Gebel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Melanie Lesinski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David G. Behm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Urs Granacher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Urs Granacher.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This study is part of the research project Resistance Training in Youth Athletes that was funded by the German Federal Institute of Sport Science (ZMVI1-081901 14-18).

Financial disclosure

The authors have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.

Conflict of interest

Arnd Gebel, Melanie Lesinski, David G. Behm and Urs Granacher declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gebel, A., Lesinski, M., Behm, D.G. et al. Effects and Dose–Response Relationship of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 48, 2067–2089 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0926-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0926-0

Search

Navigation