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Sports Medicine

, Volume 48, Issue 6, pp 1369–1387 | Cite as

The Influence of Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion on Adaptive Responses to Exercise: A Review of the Literature

  • James R. Broatch
  • Aaron Petersen
  • David J. Bishop
Review Article
First Online:

Abstract

Post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is used extensively in exercise training as a means to minimise fatigue and expedite recovery between sessions. However, debate exists around its merit in long-term training regimens. While an improvement in recovery following a single session of exercise may improve subsequent training quality and stimulus, reports have emerged suggesting CWI may attenuate long-term adaptations to exercise training. Recent developments in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the adaptive response to exercise in human skeletal muscle have provided potential mechanistic insight into the effects of CWI on training adaptations. Preliminary evidence suggests that CWI may blunt resistance signalling pathways following a single exercise session, as well as attenuate key long-term resistance training adaptations such as strength and muscle mass. Conversely, CWI may augment endurance signalling pathways and the expression of genes key to mitochondrial biogenesis following a single endurance exercise session, but have little to no effect on the content of proteins key to mitochondrial biogenesis following long-term endurance training. This review explores current evidence regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CWI may alter cellular signalling and the long-term adaptive response to exercise in human skeletal muscle.

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Notes

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Funding

The authors acknowledge the funding of Exercise and Sports Science Australia and their Applied Sports Science research Grant (received 2011).

Conflict of interest

James Broatch, Aaron Petersen, and David Bishop have no conflicts of interest to declare that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
  2. 2.Department of PhysiologyAustralian Institute of SportCanberraAustralia
  3. 3.School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupAustralia

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