Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in Patients with Comorbidities: New Agents, New Hope

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
Drugs & Aging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is mostly considered a disease of the elderly. As such, many patients present with comorbidities. Several scores allow for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of comorbidity in patients with CLL. Although our knowledge about the impact of comorbidity on outcomes in patients with CLL is still incomplete, it is becoming increasingly apparent that comorbidities could negatively interfere with CLL treatment. Recently, a number of new agents have been approved for use in patients with previously untreated CLL and comorbidities (i.e. obinutuzumab, ofatumumab), as well as in patients with previously treated or high-risk CLL (i.e. idelalisib, ibrutinib). This review discusses the role of comorbidity in patients with CLL, together with the changing treatment landscape for CLL in this patient population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, Caligaris-Cappio F, Dighiero G, Dohner H, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008;111(12):5446–56.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Extermann M. Measuring comorbidity in older cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(4):453–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Stack JA, Rifai AH, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41(3):237–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Parmelee PA, Thuras PD, Katz IR, Lawton MP. Validation of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale in a geriatric residential population. J Am Geriatrics Soc. 1995;43(2):130–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Salvi F, Miller MD, Grilli A, Giorgi R, Towers AL, Morichi V, et al. A manual of guidelines to score the Modified Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and its validation in acute hospitalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatrics Soc. 2008;56(10):1926–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, Fink AM, Busch R, Mayer J, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9747):1164–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mulligan SP, Gill D, Turner P, Renwick WEP, Latimer M, Mackinlay N, et al. A randomised dose de-escalation study of oral fludarabine, ±oral cyclophosphamide and intravenous rituximab as first-line therapy of fit patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) aged ≥65 years: final analysis of response and toxicity. Blood. 2014;124:4695.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Eichhorst B, Fink AM, Busch R, Kovacs G, Maurer C, Lange E, et al. Frontline chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine (F), cyclophosphamide (C), and rituximab (R) (FCR) shows superior efficacy in comparison to bendamustine (B) and rituximab (BR) in previously untreated and physically fit patients (pts) with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2014;124:19.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, Engelke A, Eichhorst B, Wendtner CM, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1101–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, Cheson BD, Pagel JM, Hillmen P, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(11):997–1007.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Goede V, Cramer P, Busch R, Bergmann M, Stauch M, Hopfinger G, et al. Interactions between comorbidity and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group trials. Haematologica. 2014;99(6):1095–100.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Goede V, Raymonde B, Stilgenbauer S, Winter E, Fink A-M, Fischer K, et al. Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) is a valuable tool to assess and weigh comorbidity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the CLL8 trial of the German CLL Study Group. Haematologica. 2012;97(S1):154.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Reyes C, Satram-Hoang S, Hoang K, Momin F, Guduru SR, Skettino S. What is the impact of comorbidity burden on treatment patterns and outcomes in elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients? Blood. 2012;120(21):758.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Thurmes P, Call T, Slager S, Zent C, Jenkins G, Schwager S, et al. Comorbid conditions and survival in unselected, newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(1):49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Altekruse SF et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2009 (vintage 2009 populations). National Cancer Institute. 2012. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/. Accessed 29 Sept 2015.

  16. Yancik R. Epidemiology of cancer in the elderly: current status and projections for the future. Rays. 1997;22(1 Suppl):3–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baumann T, Delgado J, Santacruz R, Martinez-Trillos A, Royo C, Navarro A, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the elderly: clinico-biological features, outcomes, and proposal of a prognostic model. Haematologica. 2014;99(10):1599–604.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Manda S, James S, Wang R, Krishnan R, Danilov AV. Impact of comorbidities on treatment outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a retrospective analysis. Blood. 2014;124:1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Michallet M, Cazin B, Bouvet E, Oberic L, Schlaifer D, Mosser L, et al. First immunochemotherapy outcomes in elderly patients with CLL: a retrospective analysis. J Geriatrics Oncol. 2013;4(2):141–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hillmen P, Robak T, Janssens A, Babu KG, Kloczko J, Grosicki S, et al. Chlorambucil plus ofatumumab versus chlorambucil alone in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (COMPLEMENT1): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1873–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mulligan SP, Gill D, Turner P, Renwick WEP, Latimer M, Mackinlay N, et al. Toxicity is not associated with age or comorbidity score in a randomised study of oral fludarabine and cyclophosphamide and IV rituximab (FCR) as first-line therapy of fit, elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood. 2013;122:528.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lichtman SM, Etcubanas E, Budman DR, Eisenberg P, Zervos G, D’Amico P, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fludarabine phosphate in patients with renal impairment: a prospective dose adjustment study. Cancer Invest. 2002;20(7–8):904–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Martell RE, Peterson BL, Cohen HJ, Petros WP, Rai KR, Morrison VA, et al. Analysis of age, estimated creatinine clearance and pretreatment hematologic parameters as predictors of fludarabine toxicity in patients treated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a CALGB (9011) coordinated intergroup study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002;50(1):37–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Celigny P, Warzocha K, Loscertales J, Catalano J, et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1756–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shanafelt TD, Lin T, Geyer SM, Zent CS, Leung N, Kabat B, et al. Pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab regimen in older patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2007;109(11):2291–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Tam CS, O’Brien S, Wierda W, Kantarjian H, Wen S, Do KA, et al. Long term results of the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide & rituximab regimen as initial therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2008;112(4):975–80.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Foon KA, Mehta D, Lentzsch S, Kropf P, Marks S, Lenzner D, et al. Long-term results of chemoimmunotherapy with low-dose fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and high-dose rituximab as initial treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2012;119(13):3184–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Smolej L, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Cmunt E, Spacek M, Belada D, et al. Low-dose FCR is a safe and effective treatment option for elderly/comorbid patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Updated results of Project Q-Lite by Czech CLL Study Group. Blood. 2014;124:4670.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bouvet E, Borel C, Oberic L, Compaci G, Cazin B, Michallet AS, et al. Impact of dose intensity on outcome of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab regimen given in the first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2013;98(1):65–70.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Herishanu Y, Goldschmidt N, Bairey O, Ruchlemer R, Fineman R, Rahimi-Levene N, et al. Efficacy and safety of frontline therapy with “FCR” regimen for chronic lymphocytic leukemia outside clinical trials: the Israeli Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group experience. Haematologica. 2015;100(5):662–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Leblond V, Laribi K, Ilhan O, Aktan M, Unal A, Rassam SMB, et al. Rituximab in combination with bendamustine or chlorambucil for treating patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: interim results of a phase IIIb study (MaBLe). Blood. 2012;120(21):2744.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Stilgenbauer S, Stauch M, Bergmann MA, Ritgen M, et al. First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009;114(16):3382–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Woyach JA, Ruppert AS, Rai K, Lin TS, Geyer S, Kolitz J, et al. Impact of age on outcomes after initial therapy with chemotherapy and different chemoimmunotherapy regimens in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of sequential cancer and leukemia group B studies. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4):440–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hillmen P, Gribben JG, Follows GA, Milligan D, Sayala HA, Moreton P, et al. Rituximab plus chlorambucil as first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final analysis of an open-label phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(12):1236–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Foa R, Del Giudice I, Cuneo A, Del Poeta G, Ciolli S, Di Raimondo F, et al. Chlorambucil plus rituximab with or without maintenance rituximab as first-line treatment for elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(5):480–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Goede V, Fischer K, Engelke A, Schlag R, Lepretre S, Montero LF, et al. Obinutuzumab as frontline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: updated results of the CLL11 study. Leukemia. 2015. doi:10.1038/leu.2015.14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gupta IV, Jewell RC. Ofatumumab, the first human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of B cell hematologic malignancies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1263:43–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nightingale G. Ofatumumab: a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for treatment of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(10):1248–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Mayer J, Stilgenbauer S, Williams CD, Hellmann A, et al. Ofatumumab as single-agent CD20 immunotherapy in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1749–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Offner F, Panagiotidis P, Afanasiev BV, Janssens A, Grosicki S, Homeda W, et al. Ofatumumab and bendamustine combination therapy in patients with untreated and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia: initial results of the phase II study OMB115991. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;4:29.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Illidge T, Cheadle EJ, Donaghy C, Honeychurch J. Update on obinutuzumab in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(10):1507–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Klein C, Lammens A, Schafer W, Georges G, Schwaiger M, Mossner E, et al. Epitope interactions of monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and their relationship to functional properties. MAbs. 2013;5(1):22–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Flynn JM, Byrd JC, Kipps TJ, Boxer M, Kolibaba KS, Tyson N, et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) 1,000 mg versus 2,000 mg in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): results of the phase II GAGE (GAO4768g) trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(5s):7083.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cartron G, de Guibert S, Dilhuydy MS, Morschhauser F, Leblond V, Dupuis J, et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final data from the phase 1/2 GAUGUIN study. Blood. 2014;124(14):2196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Molecular pathways: targeting the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia—focus on the B-cell receptor. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(3):548–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Woyach JA, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC. The B-cell receptor signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in CLL. Blood. 2012;120(6):1175–84.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Burger JA, Okkenhaug K. Haematological cancer: idelalisib-targeting PI3Kdelta in patients with B-cell malignancies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(4):184–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Brown JR, Byrd JC, Coutre SE, Benson DM, Flinn IW, Wagner-Johnston ND, et al. Idelalisib, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110delta, for relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2014;123(22):3390–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. O’Brien S, Lamanna N, Kipps TJ, Flinn IW, Zelenetz AD, Burger JA, et al. Update on a phase 2 study of idelalisib in combination with rituximab in treatment-naïve patients ≥65 years with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Blood. 2014;124:1994.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Davids MS, Brown JR. Ibrutinib: a first in class covalent inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase. Future Oncol. 2014;10(6):957–67.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, Flinn IW, Burger JA, Blum KA, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(1):32–42.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. O’Brien S, Jones JA, Coutre S, Mato AR, Hillmen P, Tam C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion: results from the phase II RESONATE™-17 trial. Blood. 2014;124(21):327.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, Barrientos JC, Kay NE, Reddy NM, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):213–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. O’Brien S, Furman RR, Coutre SE, Sharman JP, Burger JA, Blum KA, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):48–58.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Seymour JF, Davids MS, Pagel JM, Kahl BS, Wierda WG, Puvvada S, et al. ABT-199 (GDC-0199) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL): high complete-response rate and durable disease control. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(15s):7015.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Roberts AW, Ma S, Brander DM, Kipps TJ, Barrientos JC, Davids MS, et al. Determination of recommended phase 2 dose of ABT-199 (GDC-0199) combined with rituximab (R) in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood. 2014;124(21):325.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Flinn I, Brunvand M, Dyer MJS, Hillman P, Jones J, Lymp J, et al. Preliminary results of a phase 1b study (GP28331) combining GDC-0199 (ABT-199) and obinutuzumab in patients with relapsed/refractory or previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2014;124(21):4687.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valentin Goede.

Ethics declarations

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

VG has received fees from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Mundipharma and Bristol-Myers Squibb. MH has received fees from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Mundipharma, Janssen, Gilead and Celgene.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Goede, V., Hallek, M. Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in Patients with Comorbidities: New Agents, New Hope. Drugs Aging 32, 877–886 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0308-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0308-3

Keywords

Navigation