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The Association Between Drugs Frequently Used by the Elderly and Vitamin D Blood Levels: A Review of Observational and Experimental Studies

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Abstract

The risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) rises with increasing age. In the field of ADRs, drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs) are a relatively unexplored area. More knowledge will contribute to the simple prevention of this type of ADR. As the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly is high, the primary objective of this review is to evaluate the literature on the relationship between drug use and vitamin D status, focusing on medicines commonly used by the elderly. PubMed was searched for human epidemiological and clinical studies published until early 2013, investigating the relationship between vitamin D blood levels and use of drugs from one of the following groups: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), biguanides, vitamin K antagonists, platelet aggregation inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, beta-blocking agents, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin-II antagonists, statins, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants. A total of 63 publications were identified. Thiazide diuretics, statins, and calcium channel blocking agents were the most frequently studied drug groups. Associations between thiazides and vitamin D were mixed (n = 22), statins had no or positive associations (n = 16) and calcium blockers were not associated or were negatively associated with vitamin D (n = 10). In conclusion, several knowledge gaps exist on the relationship between drug use and vitamin D blood levels. Available data are scarce (particularly for the aged), study characteristics are highly variable, and found associations may be confounded by, amongst other things, the underlying disease. Nonetheless, this review provides a basis for future research on ADRs that contribute to nutrient deficiencies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Caroline Roozenboom-van Vliet, information specialist of Hospital Gelderse Vallei, for her advice in constructing the search strategy. No funding was received for the writing of this review. Furthermore, we declare that no personal conflicts of interest whatsoever exist that are relevant to the content of this review.

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  1. Nutrition Alliance Gelderse Vallei, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Willy Brandtlaan 10, 6716 RP, Ede, The Netherlands

    Anne Claire B. van Orten-Luiten

  2. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Anne Claire B. van Orten-Luiten

  3. Department of Geriatry, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Willy Brandtlaan 10, 6716 RP, Ede, The Netherlands

    André Janse

  4. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Rosalie A. M. Dhonukshe-Rutten & Renger F. Witkamp

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  1. Anne Claire B. van Orten-Luiten
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van Orten-Luiten, A.C.B., Janse, A., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M. et al. The Association Between Drugs Frequently Used by the Elderly and Vitamin D Blood Levels: A Review of Observational and Experimental Studies. Drugs Aging 31, 111–123 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-013-0137-1

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