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Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease with Comorbid Depression

A Meta-Analysis of Depression and Cognitive Outcomes

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Abstract

Background

Comorbid depression is a leading neuropsychiatric complication in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) syndrome. In 2011, diagnostic criteria for AD were revised to include neuropsychiatric symptoms. It has been proposed that adding an antidepressant to existing treatment for AD could provide relief for not only depressive but also cognitive symptoms.

Objective

The aim was to quantitatively review published studies to examine the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)/serotonin–noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) therapy for alleviation of comorbid, diagnosed depression as well as cognitive decline in AD.

Methods

A search of electronic databases was performed. Studies were retained for analysis if SSRI/SNRI antidepressant therapy was compared with placebo among AD patients with comorbid depression. Effect-size (ES) estimates (Hedges’ g) were calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.

Results

From 598 examined studies, 12 SSRI studies met the inclusion criteria, and from these, only six met all criteria, among which five reported sufficient and consistent data to be included in the meta-analysis. Within a random effect model, ES estimates of the first and second nested global analyses were non-significant, non-heterogeneous and small to null at the endpoint for depression, favouring SSRIs, −0.06 and −0.10, respectively (p > 0.05). The ES for global cognition as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination was negligible (ES = 0.001).

Conclusions

Current evidence does not support the efficacy of SSRI treatment for symptoms of comorbid depression in AD. However, studies differed in terms of criteria for diagnosis of depression, the compound tested and outcome measures for depression. These factors could account for the lack of a clear benefit for depression.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their gratitude for the provision of unpublished trial data upon request from Dr. Sube Banerjee and Jennifer Hellier on behalf of the HTA-SADD group, and from Drs. Paul B. Rosenberg and Lea T. Drye on behalf of the DIADS-2 group.

Funding and Conflicts of Interest

The author have no conflicts of interest to report. Amir A. Sepehry, PhD candidate, is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarships—Doctoral Awards). Dr. Lee has received funding from the Cullen Family, St. Paul’s Hospital Foundation and has received honoraria for speaking and participating in advisory boards for Janssen-Ortho, Novartis and Pfizer. Dr. Lee is a co-investigator in the Alzheimer Drug Therapy Initiative (ADTI) project, funded by the British Columbia (BC) Ministry of Health Services, and is a co-investigator for the clinical trials at the University of British Columbia Hospital (UBCH) Clinic for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (CARD), funded by Baxter, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Elan, Janssen, Pfizer, Hoffman-La Roche, and Genentech. Dr. Hsiung is supported by a Clinical Genetics Investigatorship award from the CIHR, and has received research support from Baxter, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Elan, Janssen, Pfizer, Hoffman-La Roche, and Genentech at the UBCH-CARD. Dr. Beattie is a co-investigator for the clinical trials at the UBCH-CARD, funded by Baxter, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Elan, Janssen, Pfizer, Hoffman-La Roche, and Genentech. She is also receiving grant funding from the CIHR and from the ADTI, which is funded by the BC Ministry of Health Services. Dr. Jacova receives funding from the CIHR and the BC Ministry of Health Services through the ADTI. Drs. Lee, Hsiung and Jacova gratefully acknowledge support from the Ralph Fisher Professorship in Alzheimer’s (Alzheimer Society of British Columbia).

Individual Contributions to the Manuscript

Amir A. Sepehry designed and conducted data collection, coding, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data, and was involved in writing of the various drafts of the manuscript. Dr. Lee was the second rater in the evaluation of studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis; wrote the discussion section; and revised the manuscript. Dr. Hsiung had input into various sections of the manuscript and was involved in overall revisions. Dr. Beattie had input into various sections of the manuscript and was involved in overall revisions and editing for content. Dr. Jacova supervised the project and interpretation of the data, revised the manuscript and edited for content.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of British Columbia (UBC), College for Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Amir A. Sepehry, Ging Yuek R. Hsiung & Claudia Jacova

  2. UBC Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Rm 152, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada

    Amir A. Sepehry, Philip E. Lee, Ging Yuek R. Hsiung & Claudia Jacova

  3. Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders, UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Amir A. Sepehry, Philip E. Lee, Ging Yuek R. Hsiung, B. Lynn Beattie & Claudia Jacova

  4. UBC Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Philip E. Lee & B. Lynn Beattie

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Sepehry, A.A., Lee, P.E., Hsiung, G.Y.R. et al. Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease with Comorbid Depression. Drugs Aging 29, 793–806 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0012-5

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