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Risk Factors for Adverse Symptoms During Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor Therapy: A Questionnaire-Based Study Carried Out by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association Drug Event Monitoring Project in Kumamoto Prefecture

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Abstract

Background

Meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have reported that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors are well tolerated and that the incidence of hypoglycemia with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors is similar to that observed with placebos. However, in general, provider-oriented methods using medical record reviews offer lower rates of non-serious, symptomatic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than patient-oriented methods. Moreover, severe hypoglycemia occurred in three clinical trials using sitagliptin, but in two of these trials this phenomenon has been previously described only in the drug application data in the US.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the profile of patient-reported symptomatic ADRs under DPP-4 inhibitor therapy and to detect risk factors for hypoglycemic and non-hypoglycemic adverse symptoms in daily clinical practice.

Methods

We analyzed a subpopulation of participants in the Drug Event Monitoring (DEM) project of the Japan Pharmaceutical Association. An anonymous survey was conducted in February 2012 to assess the self-perception of adverse symptoms during a median 28 (4–88) days after the last prescription of DPP-4 inhibitors by means of interviews of pharmacists using structured questionnaires.

Results

A total of 864 males and 686 females were included. The prescribed DPP-4 inhibitors included sitagliptin (75.4 %), alogliptin (15.5 %), vildagliptin (8.8 %) and linagliptin (0.3 %). Mild hypoglycemic symptoms were reported by 34 individuals (2.2 %) receiving monotherapy of sitagliptin (10/402) or alogliptin (3/65), or combination therapy of sitagliptin (15/767) or alogliptin (6/176) with other hypoglycemic agents. In the multiple regression model, hypoglycemic symptoms were found to be significantly associated with liver disease, female sex and alcohol consumption more than three times per week. Non-hypoglycemic symptoms were reported by 57 individuals (3.7 %), the most common symptoms of which were gastrointestinal symptoms (2.1 %). Combination therapy was only found to be associated with nonhypoglycemic symptoms.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that hypoglycemic symptoms under therapy with sitagliptin or alogliptin may be associated with liver disease, female sex and alcohol consumption, all of which are potentially capable of leading to poor gluconeogenesis because they decrease the counter-regulatory hormonal responses to hypoglycemia.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Japan Pharmaceutical Association and the Kumamoto Pharmaceutical Association.

This work was supported by Dr. Saruwatari—“Grants-in-aid from Japan Research Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology and the Yokoyama Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology,” Dr. Ishizuka—“A grant-in-aid for scientific research (KAKENHI no. 21590013) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan,” Dr. Nakagawa—“A grant-in-aid for scientific research (KAKENHI no. 23510348) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, and a grant-in-aid from the Smoking Research Foundation.” Ayami Kajiwara, Junji Saruwatari, Misaki Sakata, Kazunori Morita, Ayana Kita, Kentaro Oniki, Masato Yamamura, Motoji Murase, Haruo Koda, Seisuke Hirota, Tadao Ishizuka and Kazuko Nakagawa have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan

    Ayami Kajiwara, Junji Saruwatari, Misaki Sakata, Kazunori Morita, Ayana Kita, Kentaro Oniki & Kazuko Nakagawa

  2. Kumamoto Pharmaceutical Association, Kumamoto, Japan

    Masato Yamamura, Motoji Murase, Haruo Koda & Seisuke Hirota

  3. Division of Pharmaceutical Molecular Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

    Tadao Ishizuka

  4. Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

    Tadao Ishizuka & Kazuko Nakagawa

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  1. Ayami Kajiwara
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  2. Junji Saruwatari
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Correspondence to Kazuko Nakagawa.

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Kajiwara, A., Saruwatari, J., Sakata, M. et al. Risk Factors for Adverse Symptoms During Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor Therapy: A Questionnaire-Based Study Carried Out by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association Drug Event Monitoring Project in Kumamoto Prefecture. Drug Saf 36, 981–987 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-013-0077-z

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