Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. However, continuity in intake of the prescribed medication has been one of the greatest challenges in these patients. One option to improve medication adherence is to prescribe depot or long-acting injectable formulations (LAIs) of antipsychotics. Following risperidone, several other SGAs have been introduced as LAIs. Olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, and aripiprazole are the new-generation LAIs, which are available for 2- to 4-week intervals of application in many countries. The literature shows a clear advantage of these drugs over placebo regarding symptom reduction and relapse prevention. LAIs show a similar safety profile to oral formulations of the relevant drug, with the exception of olanzapine pamoate, which can lead to rare cases of post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS). PDSS is characterized by heavy sedation (possibly including coma) and/or delirium after injection. During PDSS events, patients show higher plasma concentrations of olanzapine, leading to the assumption that unintended partial intravascular injection or blood vessel injury during the injection is causative of PDSS. Therefore, a risk-management plan proposing an observation period of 3 h was introduced. In August 2013, a new proposal by the European Medicines Agency terminated the requirement to accompany these patients to their next destination, although this requirement remains in place according to US FDA recommendations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abott C, Keith S. Antipsychotic treatment and adherence in schizophrenia. In: Haddad P, Lambert T, Lauriello J, editors. Antipsychotic long-acting injections. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.
Davis JM, et al. Depot antipsychotic drugs: place in therapy. Drugs. 1994;47(5):741–73.
Dursun S. An atypical long-acting injectable antipsychotic: implications for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(5 Suppl):3–4.
Patel MX, De Zoysa N, Baker D, et al. Antipsychotic depot medication and attitudes of community psychiatric nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2005;12(2):237–44.
Kane JM, Aguglia E, Altamura AC, et al. Guidelines for depot antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology Consensus Conference in Siena, Italy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998;8(1):55–66.
Leucht C, Heres S, Kane JM, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia–a critical systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised long-term trials. Schizophr Res. 2011;127(1–3):83–92.
West JC, Marcus SC, Wilk J, et al. Use of depot antipsychotic medications for medication nonadherence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(5):995–1001.
Kishimoto T, Agarwal V, Kishi T, et al. Relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of second-generation antipsychotics versus first-generation antipsychotics. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(1):53–66.
Naber D, Lambert M. The CATIE and CUtLASS studies in schizophrenia: results and implications for clinicians. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(8):649–59.
Di Lorenzo R, Brogli A. Profile of olanzapine long-acting injection for the maintenance treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:573–81.
Frampton JE. Olanzapine long-acting injection: a review of its use in the treatment of schizophrenia. Drugs. 2010;70(17):2289–313.
Lindenmayer JP. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: focus on olanzapine pamoate. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:261–7.
Naber D. Olanzapine pamoate for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(4):627–33.
Kane JM, Sanchez R, Perry PP, et al. Aripiprazole intramuscular depot as maintenance treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a 52-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(5):617–24.
Mallikaarjun S, Kane JM, Bricmont P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly in adult schizophrenia: an open-label, parallel-arm, multiple-dose study. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(1):281–8.
Lauriello J, Lambert T, Andersen S, et al. An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine long-acting injection in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(5):790–9.
Kane JM, Detke HC, Naber D, et al. Olanzapine long-acting injection: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind trial of maintenance treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(2):181–9.
Rauch AS, Fleischhacker WW. Long-acting injectable formulations of new-generation antipsychotics: a review from a clinical perspective. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(8):637–52.
Ciudad A, Anand E, Casillas M, et al. Switching to olanzapine long-acting injection from either oral olanzapine or any other antipsychotic: comparative post hoc analyses. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1737–50.
Detke HC, Weiden PJ, Llorca PM, et al. Comparison of olanzapine long-acting injection and oral olanzapine: a 2-year, randomized, open-label study in outpatients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34:426–34.
Detke HC, McDonnell DP, Brunner E, et al. Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine long-acting injection, I: analysis of cases. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:43.
Alphs L, Gopal S, Karcher K, et al. Are the long-acting intramuscular formulations of risperidone or paliperidone palmitate associated with post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome? An assessment of safety databases. Curr Drug Saf. 2011;6(1):43–5.
Novakovic V, Adel T, Peselow E, et al. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics and the development of postinjection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS). Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013;36(2):59–62.
Duran-Sindreu SF, Grasa-Bello E, Corripio-Collado I, et al. Olanzapine long-acting post-injection syndrome: a case report and brief review [in Spanish]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2013;41(1):60–2.
McDonnell DP, Andersen SW, Detke HC, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of open-label olanzapine long-acting injection in the treatment of schizophrenia: 190-week interim results. Clin Med Insights Psychiatry. 2011;3:37–47.
Eli Lilly and Company. Olanzapine pamoate depot versus oral olanzapine on treatment outcomes in outpatients with schizophrenia [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00320489]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed 30 Mar 2013.
Ascher-Svanum H, Montgomery WS, McDonnell DP, et al. Treatment-completion rates with olanzapine long-acting injection versus risperidone long-acting injection in a 12-month, open-label treatment of schizophrenia: indirect, exploratory comparisons. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:391–8.
Mamo D, Kapur S, Keshavan M, et al. D2 receptor occupancy of olanzapine pamoate depot using positron emission tomography: an open-label study in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(2):298–304.
FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA is investigating two deaths following injection of long-acting antipsychotic Zyprexa Relprevv (olanzapine pamoate). 2013. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm356971.htm. Accessed 20 June 2013
Saar E, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, et al. The time-dependant post-mortem redistribution of antipsychotic drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;222(1–3):223–7.
Kurtz D, Bergstrom R, McDonnell D, et al. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of multiple doses of olanzapine long-acting injection (OLAI), an intramuscular (IM) depot formulation of olanzapine (OLZ), in stabilized patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 63(Suppl. 1):228–235.
Eli Lilly and Company. FDA issues not-approvable letter for Lilly’s Zyprexa® long-acting injection (LAI) for schizophrenia treatment. 28 February 2008. http://newsroom.lilly.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=296550. Accessed Aug 2008.
Zyprexa® Relprevv™. Full prescribing information. Indianapolis: Lilly USA, LLC; 2011 Jul 5.
McDonnell DP, Detke HC, Bergstrom RF, et al. Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine long-acting injection, II: investigations of mechanism. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:45.
Gulliver A, McDonnell DP, Sorsaburu S, et al. Injection-related adverse events observed with olanzapine long-acting injection [abstract]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(Suppl. 1):152.
Citrome L. Olanzapine pamoate: a stick in time? A review of the efficacy and safety profile of a new depot formulation of a second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(1):140–50.
EMA. 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000890/WC500054429.pdf. Accessed 30 Mar 2014.
Kishimoto T, Robenzadeh A, Leucht C, et al. Long-acting injectable vs oral antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(1):192–213.
Schottle D, Kuhnigk O, Naber D. Drug safety evaluation of olanzapine pamoate. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013;12(6):897–903.
Rosenheck RA, Krystal JH, Lew R, et al. Long-acting risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):842–51.
Macfadden W, Ma YW, Haskins JT, et al. A prospective study comparing the long-term effectiveness of injectable risperidone long-acting therapy and oral aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2010;7(11):23–31.
Kirson NY, Weiden PJ, Yermakov S, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of depot versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: synthesizing results across different research designs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(6):568–75.
European Medicines Agency. Zypadhera: procedural steps taken and scientific information after the authorisation. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Procedural_steps_taken_and_scientific_information_after_authorisation/human/000890/WC500089567.pdf. Accessed 30 Mar 2014.
Acknowledgments
There was no funding used to assist with the preparation of the manuscript. D. Luedecke has no conflicts of interest to declare. D. Schöttle has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Otsuka Pharma, and Janssen Cilag. A. Karow has received honoraria from Eli Lilly. M. Lambert received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharma, Roche Germany, and Sanofi Aventis. D. Naber was a member of an advisory board of Eli Lilly and received honoraria from this company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
D. Luedecke and D. Schöttle contributed equally to this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luedecke, D., Schöttle, D., Karow, A. et al. Post-Injection Delirium/Sedation Syndrome in Patients Treated with Olanzapine Pamoate: Mechanism, Incidence, and Management. CNS Drugs 29, 41–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0216-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0216-9