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Trauma und Psychose – Teil 1

Zur Assoziation frühkindlicher Traumatisierungen bei psychotischen Patienten in klinischen Inanspruchnahmegruppen

Trauma and psychosis — part 1

On the association of early childhood maltreatment in clinical populations with psychotic disorders

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Zusammenfassung

Eine umfangreiche klinische Literatur betont, dass sich in der Anamnese einer großen Anzahl von psychotischen Patienten in ambulanter und stationärer Behandlung Hinweise für schwerwiegende traumatische Erfahrungen in den frühen Entwicklungsjahren finden lassen. Hiermit geht eine Reihe von nachteiligen Faktoren hinsichtlich des klinischen Schweregrads, des Krankheitsverlaufs und der sozialen Adaptation einher. Vor einer vorschnellen Zuschreibung eines unlinearen kausalen Beitrags zum Risiko klinisch diagnostizierter psychotischer Störungen sind mehrere konzeptuelle und methodische Probleme zu klären. In einer konzeptuellen Perspektive definieren klinisch diagnostizierte psychotische Störungen eine relativ kleine Subgruppe innerhalb eines breiten Psychose-Kontinuums in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Frühkindliche Traumatisierungen sind nach Art, Intensität, Zeitpunkt und Kontext zu unterscheiden. In der Allgemeinbevölkerung besitzen frühe Traumatisierungen eine hohe Grundhäufigkeit. Methodische Fragen in der Bestimmung psychotischer Symptome einerseits, in der Erfassung traumatischer Erlebnisse während früher Entwicklungsjahre andererseits müssen gelöst werden. Die empirische Literatur zeigt, dass frühkindliche Traumatisierungen mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die allgemeine psychische und psychosomatische Morbidität im Erwachsenenalter assoziiert sind. Der Nachweis einer solchen Assoziation auch zu einem erhöhten Psychoserisiko ist nur über geeignete Kontrollgruppen zu führen. Eine systematische Literaturrecherche zeigt, dass nur eine sehr überschaubare Anzahl von Studien überhaupt Kontrollgruppen beinhaltet. Diese Studien unterstreichen aber, dass frühkindliche Traumatisierungen in einem signifikanten Ausmaß mit dem Psychoserisiko klinisch diagnostizierten psychotischer Populationen korreliert sind. Der Stellenwert dieser Traumata ist aber nur innerhalb eines multifaktoriellen biopsychosozialen Krankheitsmodells näher zu bestimmen.

Summary

A comprehensive literature stresses a high percentage of severe childhood maltreatment in the history of many psychotically ill patients treated in mental health services. Early childhood abuse seems to be associated among other things with a more severe clinical state, a more chronic course of illness and a more unfavourable psychosocial adaptation. In order not to jump to unwarranted causal conclusions, several conceptual und methodological problems have to be clarified before. From a conceptual perspective psychotic disorders diagnosed according to conventional criteria define only a minor subgroup within a much broader psychosis continuum in general population. Early childhood abuse has to be differentiated according to type, severity, timing, and context. The rates of early childhood abuse are high in general population. The methods of measurement of psychotic symptoms on the one side, of early trauma on the other side have to be critically evaluated. There is an empirically well founded association of childhood maltreatment and psychological and psychosomatic morbidity during adult years in general. In order to establish a potential conditional link also to psychotic disorders, clinical populations have to be compared to adequate control groups at least. A systematic literature search shows a very small number of studies including control groups at all. These studies underline that early childhood abuse may be significantly associated to the risk of psychosis indeed. The conditional role of early childhood abuse, however, has to be investigated only within a multifactorial biopsychosocial model of psychotic illness.

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Kapfhammer, HP. Trauma und Psychose – Teil 1. Neuropsychiatr 26, 171–178 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-012-0030-x

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