Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Fe3O4 and Carbon Black on the Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Effectiveness in the Epoxy Resin Matrix

  • Research article
  • Published:
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the shielding properties of the electromagnetic interference of polymer nanocomposites with different weight percentages of magnetite nanoparticles and cost-effective carbon black nanoparticle (CBN) on different thicknesses. X‐ray diffraction test, Raman spectroscopy, the scanning electron microscopy, and the transmission electron microscope analysis were used for investigating the crystallographic structure, morphology and microstructure of the material. The nanocomposites were successfully prepared using a simple mixing and casting. Their shielding efficiency was measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the frequency range of 8.2 ~ 12.4 GHz. The maximum total shielding efficiency was 36.6 dB at 8.2 GHz for a weight percentage of 15% Fe3O4 composite and 50% CBN (0.7 mm thickness). The results showed that with an increase of nanocomposite thickness, there is a shift of absorption shielding efficiency peak toward a higher frequency. In addition, nanocomposites had the greatest shielding effectiveness in the low-frequency range. It was found that the proper combination of electrical and magnetic losses causes excellent wave absorption. These findings indicated that epoxy resin with a combination of optimal weight percentage of magnetite and carbon black nanoparticle can be used as a suitable shielding in low thickness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. Moradi M, Naghdi N, Hemmati H, Asadi-Samani M, Bahmani M. Effect of ultra high frequency mobile phone radiation on human health. Electron Physician. 2016;8(5):2452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hardell L, Carlberg M. [Comment] Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest. Oncol Lett. 2020;20(4):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Morgan LL, Miller AB, Sasco A, Davis DL. Mobile phone radiation causes brain tumors and should be classified as a probable human carcinogen (2A). Int J Oncol. 2015;46(5):1865–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gruber MJ, Palmquist E, Nordin S. Characteristics of perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity in the general population. Scand J Psychol. 2018;59(4):422–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Son Y, Kim JS, Jeong YJ, Jeong YK, Kwon JH, Choi H-D, et al. Long-term RF exposure on behavior and cerebral glucose metabolism in 5xFAD mice. Neurosci Lett. 2018;666:64–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kim JH, Yu D-H, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim H-G, Kim HR. Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kim JH, Lee J-K, Kim H-G, Kim K-B, Kim HR. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on central nerve system. Biomolecules & therapeutics. 2019;27(3):265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Altun G, Deniz ÖG, Yurt KK, Davis D, Kaplan S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on metabolomics in the male and female reproductive systems. Environ Res. 2018;167:700–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Standard RP. Maximum exposure levels to radiofrequency fields—3 KHz to 300 GHz. Radiation Protection Series. 2002;3.

  10. Khavanin A. Nonthermal effects of radar exposure on human: A review article. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment. 2014;1(1):43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chung D. Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020:123587.

  12. Joshi A, Datar S. Carbon nanostructure composite for electromagnetic interference shielding. Pramana. 2015;84(6):1099–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Hložeková K, Hudec I. Progress in polymers and polymer composites used as efficient materials for EMI shielding. Nanoscale Advances. 2021;3(1):123–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ganguly S, Bhawal P, Ravindren R, Das NC. Polymer nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2018;18(11):7641–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Arora M, Wahab M, Saini P. Permittivity and electromagnetic interference shielding investigations of activated charcoal loaded acrylic coating compositions. Journal of Polymers. 2014;2014.

  16. Miqdad H. Effect of Carbon Black Nanoparticles on the Optical Properties of poly (ethylene oxide) Films. Int J Appl Eng Res. 2018;13(6):4333–41.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Liu H, Wu S, You C, Tian N, Li Y, Chopra N. Recent progress in morphological engineering of carbon materials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon. 2020;172:569–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Givord D. Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials. Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation: Springer; 2001. p. 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jiles D. Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials: CRC press; 2015.

  20. Adebayo LL, Soleimani H, Yahya N, Abbas Z, Wahaab FA, Ayinla RT, et al. Recent advances in the development OF Fe3O4-BASED microwave absorbing materials. Ceram Int. 2020;46(2):1249–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen W, Weimin H, Li D, Chen S, Dai Z. A critical review on the development and performance of polymer/graphene nanocomposites. Sci Eng Compos Mater. 2018;25(6):1059–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ramajo LA, Cristóbal AA, Botta PM, López JP, Reboredo MM, Castro MS. Dielectric and magnetic response of Fe3O4/epoxy composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2009;40(4):388–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Massango H, Tsutaoka T, Kasagi T. Electromagnetic properties of Fe53Ni47 and Fe53Ni47/Cu granular composite materials in the microwave range. Materials Research Express. 2016;3(9):095801.

  24. Manafi P, Ghasemi I, Manafi MR, Ehsaninamin P, Asl FH. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics assessment of poly (lactic acid)/graphene nanocomposites. Iran Polym J. 2017;26(5):377–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Arief I, Biswas S, Bose S. Tuning the shape anisotropy and electromagnetic screening ability of ultrahigh magnetic polymer and surfactant-capped FeCo nanorods and nanocubes in soft conducting composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(39):26285–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ghosh S, Ganguly S, Das P, Das TK, Bose M, Singha NK, et al. Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles decorated conductive cotton fabric for high performing electromagnetic interference shielding and antibacterial application. Fibers and Polymers. 2019;20(6):1161–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang D, Murugadoss V, Wang Y, Lin J, Ding T, Wang Z, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding polymers and nanocomposites-a review. Polym Rev. 2019;59(2):280–337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Yun T, Kim H, Iqbal A, Cho YS, Lee GS, Kim MK, et al. Electromagnetic shielding of monolayer MXene assemblies. Adv Mater. 2020;32(9):1906769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U. Electromagnetic interference shielding mechanisms of CNT/polymer composites. Carbon. 2009;47(7):1738–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Madvari RF, Bidel H, Hosseinabadi S, Pourtaghi G. Effect of Penetration Depth and Thickness on the Performance of Nanocomposite Shield Made in the Frequency Band 8–12.5 GHz. Journal of Military Medicine. 2021;23(5):435–43.

  31. Huo J, Wang L, Yu H. Polymeric nanocomposites for electromagnetic wave absorption. J Mater Sci. 2009;44(15):3917–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Li C-Q, Xu W, Ding R-C, Shen X, Chen Z, Li M-D, et al. Tunable High-Performance Microwave Absorption and Shielding by Three Constituent Phases Between rGO and Fe3O4@ SiO2 Nanochains. Front Chem. 2019;7:711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sun J, Wang W, Yue Q. Review on microwave-matter interaction fundamentals and efficient microwave-associated heating strategies. Materials. 2016;9(4):231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Saravanan P, TR SK, Radha R, Balasubramaniam M, Balakumar S. Enhanced shielding effectiveness in nanohybrids of graphene derivatives with Fe 3 O 4 and ε-Fe 3 N in the X-band microwave region. Nanoscale. 2018;10(25):12018–34.

  35. Schmitz DP, Silva TI, Ramoa SD, Barra GM, Pegoretti A, Soares BG. Hybrid composites of ABS with carbonaceous fillers for electromagnetic shielding applications. J Appl Polym Sci. 2018;135(29):46546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mondal S, Ganguly S, Rahaman M, Aldalbahi A, Chaki TK, Khastgir D, et al. A strategy to achieve enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding at low concentration with a new generation of conductive carbon black in a chlorinated polyethylene elastomeric matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18(35):24591–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kuester S, Merlini C, Barra GM, Ferreira JC Jr, Lucas A, de Souza AC, et al. Processing and characterization of conductive composites based on poly (styrene-b-ethylene-ran-butylene-b-styrene)(SEBS) and carbon additives: A comparative study of expanded graphite and carbon black. Compos B Eng. 2016;84:236–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mondal S, Ganguly S, Das P, Khastgir D, Das NC. Low percolation threshold and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of nano-structured carbon based ethylene methyl acrylate nanocomposites. Compos B Eng. 2017;119:41–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Liu H, Liang C, Chen J, Huang Y, Cheng F, Wen F, et al. Novel 3D network porous graphene nanoplatelets/Fe3O4/epoxy nanocomposites with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency. Compos Sci Technol. 2019;169:103–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhu S, Cheng Q, Yu C, Pan X, Zuo X, Liu J, et al. Flexible Fe3O4/graphene foam/poly dimethylsiloxane composite for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Composites Science and Technology. 2020;189:108012.

  41. Liu Y, Lu M, Wu K, Yao S, Du X, Chen G, et al. Anisotropic thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of epoxy nanocomposites based on magnetic driving reduced graphene oxide@ Fe3O4. Compos Sci Technol. 2019;174:1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Yang J, Liao X, Li J, He G, Zhang Y, Tang W, et al. Light-weight and flexible silicone rubber/MWCNTs/Fe3O4 nanocomposite foams for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave absorption. Composites Science and Technology. 2019;181:107670.

  43. Zhang H, Zhang G, Li J, Fan X, Jing Z, Li J, et al. Lightweight, multifunctional microcellular PMMA/Fe3O4@ MWCNTs nanocomposite foams with efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2017;100:128–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lalan V, Ganesanpotti S. Broadband electromagnetic response and enhanced microwave absorption in carbon black and magnetic fe 3 o 4 nanoparticles reinforced polyvinylidenefluoride composites. J Electron Mater. 2020;49(3):1666–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks are owed to Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences for their technical and financial support with grant number 98000039. The study was approved by the university ethics committee (IR.BMSU.REC.1398.273).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Rohollah Fallah & Gholamhossein Pourtaghi

  2. Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Sedigheh Hosseinabadi

Authors
  1. Rohollah Fallah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sedigheh Hosseinabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gholamhossein Pourtaghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gholamhossein Pourtaghi.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest and no known competing for financial regarding this study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fallah, R., Hosseinabadi, S. & Pourtaghi, G. Influence of Fe3O4 and Carbon Black on the Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Effectiveness in the Epoxy Resin Matrix. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 20, 113–122 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00759-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00759-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation