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The association between carbohydrate quality index and anthropometry, blood glucose, lipid profile and blood pressure in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in Iran

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Abstract

Background & aim

Both types and amounts of dietary carbohydrates have always been issues of discussion in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and anthropometry, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Materials & methods

This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 261 adults with T1DM aged 17–36 years who referred to the Iranian Diabetes Association or Diabetes Clinic of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Dietary data were collected using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The CQI was calculated from the three indices including dietary fiber, glycemic index (GI), and solid carbohydrates/total carbohydrates ratio. The weight, height, waist circumference, physical activity, HcA1c, SBP, DBP of all participants were measured. Biochemical assessment including serum lipids and FBG levels were analyzed on 81 individuals.

Results

Participants with a higher CQI had a lower body weight, GI, glycemic load, energy, and macronutrient intake (p < 0.05). In addition, after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, physical activity, and energy intake, the lowest level of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was observed in the third tertile of CQI (β = -0.2; SE = 0.1; p-trend = 0.04). No significant association was observed with respect to CQI with FBG, lipid profile, and blood pressure.

Conclusion

It was concluded that there was an inverse association between CQI and HbA1c. No significant association was found with respect to CQI with FBG, lipid profile and blood pressure.

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Abbreviations

BMI:

Body Mass Index

CQI:

Carbohydrate Quality Index

DBP:

Diastolic Blood Pressure

FBG:

Fasting Blood Glucose

FFQ:

Food Frequency Questionnaire

GI:

Glycemic Index

GL:

Glycemic load

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

HDL:

High-Density Lipoprotein

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1C

KNHANES:

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

LDL:

Low-Density Lipoprotein

PPG:

Post prandial plasma glucose

SBP:

Systolic Blood Pressure

T1DM:

Type 1 diabetes

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes

TG:

Triglyceride

WC:

Waist Circumference

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the participants of this study for their collaboration.

Funding

This research was supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Grant number 94–03-103–30046.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 44, Hojjatdoost Alley, Naderi St. Keshavarz Blvd, P.O. Box: 1417653761, Tehran, Iran

    Haniyeh Jebraeili, Sakineh Shabbidar, Zahra Sajjadpour, Saeideh Delshad Aghdam & Gity Sotoudeh

  2. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Mostafa Qorbani

  3. Iranian Diabetes Association, Tehran, Iran

    Asadollah Rajab

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  1. Haniyeh Jebraeili
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Jebraeili, H., Shabbidar, S., Sajjadpour, Z. et al. The association between carbohydrate quality index and anthropometry, blood glucose, lipid profile and blood pressure in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord 20, 1349–1358 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00864-6

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