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Electrochemical evaluation of nivolumab used in cancer treatment with differential pulse voltammetry: A novel approach with single-use pencil graphite electrode

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Abstract

Objectives

Nivolumab is used in a treatment called immunotherapy, which helps the immune system cells to attack cancer cells. The electrochemical properties and quantification of this drug were performed using single-use pencil tips.

Evidence acquisition

Here, a selective voltammetric method for the determination and electrochemical characterization of Nivolumab used in cancer therapy was developed for the first time using a disposable pencil electrode by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Nivolumab exhibited an anodic signal at +0.879 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in PBS (pH 3.0, 0.02 M NaCl) medium.

Results

This procedure showed a linear response in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 3.0, 0.02 M NaCl) media within the concentration range of 0.01 mg mL-1 to 0.07 mg mL-1 and limit of detection and the limit of quantification values were determined to be 2.49 μg mL-1 and 8.30 μg mL-1, respectively.

Conclusions

The developed method offers an important analytical approach for the detection and characterization of NIVO. Precisely measuring and monitoring the levels of such drugs in real sample analyses or biological samples is critical for evaluating response to treatment, optimizing treatment strategies. Therefore, the method was applied to real sample analyses. Voltammetric results developed using PG electrode were compared with UV-Vis results. It has been determined that the results obtained are compatible with each other.

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Data availability

The data that support the fndings of this study will not be made publicly available.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Dicle University Scientific Research and Projects Board (DUBAP) with Project No: FB-21012. It was carried out within the scope of PhD thesis numbered 10512029. 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Education, Chemistry Department, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey

    Mehmet Aslan & Fırat Aydın

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

    Abdulkadir Levent

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Contributions

Mehmet Aslan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Fırat Aydın: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Validation. Abdulkadir Levent: Validation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the fnal version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdulkadir Levent.

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Aslan, M., Aydın, F. & Levent, A. Electrochemical evaluation of nivolumab used in cancer treatment with differential pulse voltammetry: A novel approach with single-use pencil graphite electrode. DARU J Pharm Sci 32, 109–120 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-023-00491-x

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