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Microstructure and Size-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) Aims and scope

Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing (AM), as a disruptive technology in the field of fabricating metallic parts, has shown its ability to design component with macrostructural complexity. However, some of these functionally complex structures typically contain a wide range of feature sizes, namely, the characteristic length of elements in AM-produced components can vary from millimeter to meter-scale. The requisite for controlling performance covers nearly six orders of magnitude, from the microstructure to macro scale structure. Understanding the mechanical variation with the feature size is of critical importance for topology optimization engineers to make required design decisions. In this work, laser metal deposition (LMD) is adopted to manufacture 316L stainless steel (SS) samples. To evaluate the effect of defects and specimen size on mechanical properties of LMD-produced samples, five rectangular sample sizes which ranged from non-standard miniature size to ASTM standard sub-sized samples were machined from the block. Tensile test reveals that the mechanical properties including yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation to failure (εf) are almost the identical for samples with ASTM standard size. Whilst, relatively lower YS and UTS values, except for εf, are observed for samples with a miniature size compared with that of ASTM standard samples. The εf values of LMD-produced 316L SS samples show a more complex trend with sample size, and are affected by three key influencing factors, namely, slimness ratio, cluster of pores, and occupancy location of lack of fusion defects. In general, the εf values exhibit a decreasing trend with the increase of slimness ratio. Microstructure characterization reveals that the LMD-produced 316L samples exhibited a high stress status at low angle grain boundaries, whilst its location changed to high angle grain boundaries after plastic deformation. The grain size refinement and austenite-to-martensite phase transformation occurred during plastic deformation might be responsible for the very high YS and UTS attained in this study. The experimental works carried out in this study is expected to provide a guideline for evaluating the mechanical properties of LMD-produced parts with complex structure, where critical parameter such as a certain slimness ratio has to be considered.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11772344). The authors acknowledge engineer Bao-Chun Cai for his experimental assistance during the performance of tensile test.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Hua-Zhen Jiang, Qi-Sheng Chen, Zheng-Yang Li, Hui-Lei Sun, Shao-Ke Yao, Jia-Huiyu Fang & Qi-Yun Hu

  2. School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Qi-Sheng Chen, Zheng-Yang Li, Shao-Ke Yao, Jia-Huiyu Fang & Qi-Yun Hu

  3. DE.Testing (JIANGSU) Co., LTD, Changzhou, 213164, China

    Xin-Ye Chen

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  1. Hua-Zhen Jiang
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Jiang, HZ., Chen, QS., Li, ZY. et al. Microstructure and Size-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 36, 1–20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-022-01445-z

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