Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of bonding temperature on the dissimilar transient liquid phase (TLP)–bonded IN-625/Ti-6Al-4V dissimilar joints using a thin foil of pure copper as the interlayer. The samples were bonded in a vacuum chamber at 900, 930, and 960 °C for 60 min. The results indicated the occurrence of different intermetallic compounds such as Ti2Cu, TiCu2, TiCu, NiTi, and Ni3Ti at different bonding temperatures, and it was concluded that in all the samples, isothermal solidification was accomplished. Maximum shear strength of 278 MPa was achieved at 930 °C. At lower bonding temperatures, the presence of porosities and cracks decreases the shear strength. At higher temperatures, a high-volume percentage of intermetallic compounds embrittled the specimen and reduced its shear strength. The results of scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces revealed the formation of extensive cleavage fracture and river-like patterns in all samples, indicating a brittle failure mode.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
References
Alamri AH (2020) Localized corrosion and mitigation approach of steel materials used in oil and gas pipelines – an overview. Eng Fail Anal 116:104735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104735
Xie R, Lin N, Zhou P et al (2018) Applied surface science surface damage mitigation of TC4 alloy via micro arc oxidation for oil and gas exploitation application : characterizations of microstructure and evaluations on surface performance. Appl Surf Sci 436:467–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.047
Aleman B, Rrez IG, Urcola JJ (1995) Interface microstructures in the diffusion bonding of a titanium alloy Ti 6242 to an INCONEL 625. 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02664680
Verdi D, Varadaraju N, Tan E et al (2021) Effect of manufacturing strategy on the toughness behavior of Inconel 625 laser metal deposited parts. 2001506:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001506
Khollari MAR, Ghorbani M, Afshar A (2019) Fabrication and characterization of TiO2 deposited black electroless Ni-P solar absorber. Appl Surf Sci 496:143632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143632
Lourenço JC, Souza LP, Faria MIST et al (2021) Influence of the iron content on the microstructure and electrochemical behavior of as-cast modified Inconel 625. Corros Sci 193:109892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109892
Zhao Q, Pi Z, Lu X et al (2020) Superior strength-ductility balance in hot pressed swarf-Ti-6Al–4V alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 788:139574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139574
Cooke KO, Richardson A, Khan TI, Shar MA (2020) High-temperature diffusion bonding of Ti – 6Al – 4V and super-duplex stainless steel using a Cu interlayer embedded with alumina nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010003
Cook GO, Carl III (2011) Overview of transient liquid phase and partial transient liquid phase bonding. 5305–5323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5561-1
Bonding D (2018) Diffusion bonding and brazing of advanced materials. 2–4. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110959
Jamaloei AD, Salimijazi HR, Edris H, Mostaghimi J (2017) Study of TLP bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by vacuum plasma spray forming and forging. Mater Des 121:355–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.046
Deng Y, Sheng G, Wang F et al (2016) Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase bonded Ti–6Al–4V joint with copper interlayer. Mater Des 92:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.103
Chen H-C, Pinkerton AJ, Li L (2011) Fibre laser welding of dissimilar alloys of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 for aerospace applications. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 52:977–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-2791-3
Jung DH, Sharma A, Mayer M, Jung JP (2018) A review on recent advances in transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding for thermoelectric power module. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0011
Phase TL (1992) Transient liquid phase bonding. 23–46
Reeks W, Davies H, Marchisio S (2020) A review : interlayer joining of nickel base alloys. J Adv Join Process 2:100030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100030
Alhazaa A, Haneklaus N (2020) Diffusion bonding and transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel — a review of similar and dissimilar material joints. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050613
Ghahderijani IA, Bahrami A, Shamanian M, Mokhtari MA (2022) Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of Ti–6Al–4V/AISI 304 stainless steel using Cu/CNT composite interlayer. J Market Res 20:4052–4065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.151
Tazikeh H, Mirsalehi SE, Shamsipur A (2022) Relationship of isothermal solidification completion and precipitate formation with mechanical properties of Inconel 939 joints vacuum TLP bonded by an amorphous Ni–Cr–Fe–Si–B filler alloy. J Market Res 18:4762–4774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.139
Yang M, Wang Y, Ding R et al (2023) Precipitates evolution and fracture mechanism of the isothermally solidified TLP bonding joints between 316LN stainless steel and IN718 Ni-based alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 881:145440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145440
Nishi R, Ong FS, Tobe H, Sato E (2022) Strength optimization of low-pressure transient liquid phase bonded Ti–6Al–4V similar joint with Cu–Ni multi-interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A 846:143275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143275
Deng Y, Zhong W, Xu H (2021) Interlayer design for partial transient liquid phase bonding of titanium and copper. Mater Sci Eng A 807:140879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.140879
Park HJ, Park DY (2023) Quantification of intermetallic phases in transient liquid phase-bonded Inconel617/MBF30 via image processing. Mater Charact 199:112808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112808
Yan G, Bhowmik A, Gill V et al (2023) The study of Ni-Sn transient liquid phase bonded joints under high temperatures. Mater Charact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113099
Farzadi A, Esmaeili H, Mirsalehi SE (2019) Transient liquid phase bonding of Inconel 617 superalloy: effect of filler metal type and bonding time. Weld World 63:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0662-y
Nasajpour A, Mirsalehi SE, Farzadi A (2022) Effect of homogenization on metallurgical structure of nicrofer 5520 (IN-617) superalloy joints diffusion-brazed using a Ni–Cr–Si–B interlayer. JOM 74:3276–3288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05292-2
Esmaeili H, Mirsalehi SE, Farzadi A (2017) Effect of joining atmosphere in transient liquid phase bonding of Inconel 617 superalloy. Metall Mater Trans B 48:3259–3269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1098-2
Nasajpour A, Mirsalehi SE, Farzadi A (2022) Diffusion brazing of Nicrofer 5520 (IN-617) superalloy using an amorphous Ni-Cr-Si-B interlayer: microstructural characterization and mechanical properties. Met Mater/Kov Mater 60. https://doi.org/10.31577/km.2022.2.89
Sadeghian A, Mirsalehi SE, Arhami F et al (2021) Effect of bonding time on dissimilar transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of IN939 to IN625 superalloys: microstructural characterization and mechanical properties. Metall Mater Trans A 52:1526–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06176-x
Arhami F, Mirsalehi SE (2018) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties evaluation of IN-939 bonds made by isothermal solidification of a liquated Ni-Cr-B interlayer. Metall Mater Trans A 49:6197–6214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4918-3
Arhami F, Mirsalehi SE (2019) The effect of heat treatment sequence on microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion brazed IN-939 superalloy. J Mater Process Technol 266:351–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.020
Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi SE et al (2019) Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X superalloy joints bonded with a Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe interlayer. J Manuf Process 47:129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.030
Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi SE et al (2020) Holding time influence on creep behavior of transient liquid phase bonded joints of Hastelloy X. Mater Sci Eng A 772:138694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138694
Malekan A, Mirsalehi SE, Farvizi M et al (2022) Microstructural evaluation of Hastelloy-X transient liquid phase bonded joints: effects of filler metal thickness and holding time. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 32:1548–1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(22)65892-8
Norouzi E, Atapour M, Shamanian M, Allafchian A (2016) Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V to AISI 304 transient liquid phase bonded joint. JMADE 99:543–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.101
Surendar A, Lucas A, Abbas M et al (2019) Transient liquid phase bonding of stainless steel 316 L to Ti-6Al-4 V using Cu / Ni multi-interlayer: microstructure, mechanical properties, and fractography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00742-z
Ceramics A, Ceramics A, Hardness AB et al (17AD) Standard test method for microindentation hardness of materials BT - standard test method for microindentation hardness of materials. i: https://doi.org/10.1520/E0384-16
Smith BD, Shih DS, Mcdowell DL (2018) Cyclic plasticity experiments and polycrystal plasticity modeling of three distinct Ti alloy microstructures. Int J Plast 101:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.10.004
Nastac L, Gungor MN, Ucok I et al (2006) Advances in investment casting of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy: a review. 19:73–93. https://doi.org/10.1179/136404605225023225
Rahimi A (2018) A comparative study on direct and pulsed current micro-plasma arc welding of alloy Ti – 6Al – 4V. Trans Indian Inst Met 71:3103–3110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-018-1501-y
Yang Z, Chen Y, Niu S et al (2020) Phase transition, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties with Ti – Zr – Ni – Cu filler metal. Arch Civ Mech Eng 3:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-00093-3
Gunen A, Kanca E (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of borided Inconel 625 superalloy
Temperatures E Mechanical behavior of Inconel 625 at elevated temperatures. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030301
Davoodi A, Khorram A, Jafari A (2017) Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar TLP bonding between IN718 / IN600 with BNi-2 interlayer. J Manuf Process 29:447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.010
International ASM ASM metals handbook volume 3 Alloy phase diagrams
Sadeghian A, Arhami F, Mirsalehi SE (2019) Phase formation during dissimilar transient liquid phase ( TLP ) bonding of IN939 to IN625 using a Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B interlayer. J Manuf Process 44:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.05.027
Fayegh A (2021) Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase bonded IN718 / Ti-6Al-4V joints. 1955–1968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01134-y
Zakipour S, Halvaee A, Amadeh AA et al (2015) An investigation on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties during transient liquid phase bonding of stainless steel 316L to Ti-6Al-4V. J Alloy Compd 626:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.160
Liu K, Li Y, Xia C, Wang J (2017) Microstructural evolution and properties of TLP diffusion bonding super-Ni / NiCr laminated composite to Ti-6Al-4V alloy with Cu interlayer. Mater Des 135:184–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.028
Vazirian S, Farzadi A (2020) Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joint between Ti – 6Al – 4V and Co – Cr – Mo biomaterials 792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139825
Wang Z, Guo Y, Ren L et al (2021) Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 304L / Zircaloy-4 diffusion-bonded joints with Ni / Ta hybrid interlayer. 2100555:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100555
Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang B, Guo Y (2022) Enhancing the mechanical performances of friction stir lap welded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy joint by promoting diffusion of alloying element Zn toward the pre-positioned Cu interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A 832:142467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142467
msiwp.com. http://www.matport.com MSITM (2006) Co-Ni-Ti (cobalt-nickel-titanium) light metal ternary systems: phase diagrams, crystallographic and thermodynamic data. Light Metal Systems Part 4: Selected Systems from Al-Si-Ti to Ni-Si-Ti 1–9
Qin Q, Peng H, Fan Q et al (2018) Effect of second phase precipitation on martensitic transformation and hardness in highly Ni-rich NiTi alloys. J Alloy Compd 739:873–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.128
Mozzon M (1991) Chemical kinetics: the study of reaction rates in solution. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Lippold JC, Kiser SD, DuPont JN (2011) Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-base alloys. John Wiley & Sons
Gupta KP (2003) The Cr-Ni-Ti (chromium-nickel-titanium) system-update. J Phase Equilib 24:86–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-003-0019-z
Doroudi A, Shamsipur A, Omidvar H, Vatanara M (2019) Effect of transient liquid phase bonding time on the microstructure, isothermal solidification completion and the mechanical properties during bonding of Inconel 625 superalloy using Cr-Si-B-Ni filler metal. J Manuf Process 38:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.01.019
Jalali A, Atapour M, Shamanian M, Vahman M (2018) Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of Ti-6Al-4V/UNS 32750 super duplex stainless steel. J Manuf Process 33:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.05.014
Alishavandi M, Amin M, Khollari R, Ebadi M (2020) Corrosion-wear behavior of AA1050 / mischmetal oxides surface nanocomposite fabricated by friction stir processing. J Alloy Compd 832:153964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153964
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Behnam Zorriatolhosseini: writing—original draft, formal analysis, methodology, validation, investigation, data curation, and conceptualization; Seyyed Ehsan Mirsalehi: writing—review and editing, supervision, methodology, validation, and project administration; Faezeh Shamsi: investigation, visualization, software, data curation, and writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Recommended for publication by Commission XVII - Brazing, Soldering and Diffusion Bonding
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zorriatolhosseini, B., Mirsalehi, S.E. & Shamsi, F. Dissimilar transient liquid phase bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to Inconel 625 superalloy: effect of bonding temperature on microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties. Weld World (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01777-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01777-7