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Determination and effect of cold metal transfer parameters on Ti6Al4V multi-layer deposit during wire arc additive manufacturing

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Abstract

This study was developed to determine the parameters of the cold metal transfer process for the Ti6Al4V multi-layer deposits. Also, the influence of the heat supplied on the geometry of the walls, the chemical composition, and microhardness of the wire arc additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V multi-layer deposits was analyzed. An experimental methodology was established to define the process factors focusing on the morphological aspects on deposited beads. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the maximum working temperature for Ti6Al4V multi-layer deposits and substrate plate was about 450 °C and 550 °C, respectively. The experimental results showed overheating above 450 °C, which is the maximum recommended working temperature for Ti6Al4V, in the four previous layers during processing. An aspect ratio of 1.5 and metallurgical dilution of 20% were optimum for obtaining continuous thin walls for both single and multi-layer deposits. Furthermore, a continuity factor along the construction walls was defined, by 3D measurements, as 1.90 when taking into account all deposited layers. In addition, it was observed that the oxygen concentration on the walls rises with increasing power regardless of the interpass time used. Finally, microhardness measurement values showed more dispersion when the limit values of supplied heat were evaluated.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to CONACYT for the grant given to Emmanuel Reyes-Gordillo to pursue his PhD Degree.

Funding

The authors are grateful to CONMAD-CONACYT (Consorcio de Manufactura Aditiva-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico) for the financial support of this work. This work was supported by FORDECYT 297265 (Fortalecimiento de las Capacidades de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación del CIDESI para Atender las Necesidades Científico-Tecnológicas en Manufactura Aditiva de la Industria en la Región Centro-Norte de México) and FORDECYT 296384.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigación en Metalurgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. J. Múgica S/N, Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia, Michoacán, 58030, México

    Emmanuel Reyes-Gordillo, Ricardo Morales-Estrella & Ramiro Escudero-García

  2. CONACYT-Consorcio de Manufactura Aditiva (CONMAD), Av. Pie de La Cuesta 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, Querétaro, México

    Emmanuel Reyes-Gordillo, Arturo Gómez-Ortega, James Pérez-Barrera, Juan Manuel Gonzalez-Carmona & Juan Manuel Alvarado-Orozco

  3. Centro de Ingeniería Y Desarrollo Industrial (CIDESI), Av. Playa Pie de La Cuesta No. 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, Querétaro, 76125, México

    Arturo Gómez-Ortega, James Pérez-Barrera, Juan Manuel Gonzalez-Carmona & Juan Manuel Alvarado-Orozco

Authors
  1. Emmanuel Reyes-Gordillo
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  2. Arturo Gómez-Ortega
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Contributions

Emmanuel Reyes-Gordillo: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing original draft.

Arturo Gómez-Ortega: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, and reviewing and editing original draft.

Ricardo Morales-Estrella: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, review and editing original draft, and visualization.

James Pérez-Barrera: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, and reviewing original draft.

Juan Manuel González-Carmona: methodology, formal analysis, supervision, and reviewing original draft.

Ramiro Escudero-García: conceptualization, formal analysis, supervision, and reviewing original draft.

J. M. Alvarado-Orozco: conceptualization, formal analysis, writing, review, editing, resources, and funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ricardo Morales-Estrella.

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Reyes-Gordillo, E., Gómez-Ortega, A., Morales-Estrella, R. et al. Determination and effect of cold metal transfer parameters on Ti6Al4V multi-layer deposit during wire arc additive manufacturing. Weld World 67, 1629–1642 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01511-9

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