Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of weld metal ferrite content on mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking resistance in 22 Cr 5 Ni duplex stainless steel

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Welding in the World Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Welded 22 Cr 5 Ni duplex stainless steel is often used for chloride-containing environments and sour service applications. Chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC) during service poses a threat to the service life of the weldment. Yield strength and resistance to CSCC are considered to depend on the weld metal ferrite content, which is variously required to be 30 to 60%, 30 to 70 ferrite number, 35 to 75%, etc. Accordingly, the present work has been carried out in collaboration with a filler metal manufacturer to investigate the research gap pertaining to minimum ferrite content to obtain the required minimum weld metal yield strength and resistance to CSCC. In this study, 22 Cr 5 Ni weldments with weld metal ferrite content in the range of 14% to 30%, or 20 to 40 ferrite number, obtained by increasing the filler metal nickel content above the normal 9%, have been prepared and investigated. It was found that yield strength and tensile strength requirements of base metal and filler metal classifications were exceeded at all ferrite levels investigated and that no CSCC was observed after 1000-h exposure in the ASTM G 123 boiling 25% sodium chloride test.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Edition T (2015)Use of duplex stainless steels in the oil refining industry

  2. Messer B, Oprea V, Wright A (2007) Duplex stainless steel welding : best practices. In: Stainless steel world. KCI Publishing, Zutphen, pp 53–63

    Google Scholar 

  3. (2001) Practical guidelines for the fabrication of duplex stainless steels, revised edition. International Molybdenum Association, USA

  4. Kotecki DJ (1986) Ferrite control in duplex stainless steel weld metal. Weld J 65(10):273-s–278-s American Welding Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lippold JC, Kotecki DJ (2005) Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 234–262

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gunn RN Duplex stainless steels microstructure, properties and applications. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Abington

  7. Baeslack WA III, Duquette DJ, Savage WF (1978) Technical Note : Stress corrosion cracking in duplex stainless steel weldments. Weld J 57(6):175-s–177-s American Welding Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  8. Van Gelder K, Erling JG, Damen JWM, Visser A (1987) The stress corrosion craking of duplex stainless steel in H2S/CO2/Cl- environents. Corros Sci 27(10/11):1271–1279 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Krishnan KN, Rao KP (1991) Effect of microstructure on stress corrosion cracking behaviour of austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Mater Sci Eng A 142:79–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Liou H-Y, Hsieh R-I, Tsai W-T (2002) Microstructure and stress corrosion cracking in simulated heat-affected zones of duplex stainless steels. Corros Sci 44:2841–2856 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Raman RKS, Siew WH (2010) Role of nitrite addition in chloride stress corrosion cracking of a super duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci 52(1):113–117 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Al-Joboury AI, Mourad AHI, Alawar A, Zour MA, Abuzeid OA (2010) Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels recommended for building brine recirculation pumps. Eng Fail Anal 17(6):1337–1344 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang J, Wang Q, Wei Z, Guan K (2014) Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis Weld failure analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel nozzle. Biochem Pharmacol 2(2):69–75 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  14. Potgieter JH, Olubambi PA, Cornish L, Machio CN, Sherif ESM (2008) Influence of nickel additions on the corrosion behaviour of low nitrogen 22% Cr series duplex stainless steels. Corros Sci 50(9):2572–2579 Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kotecki DJ, Siewert TA (1992) WRC-1992 constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals : a modification of the WRC-1988 diagram. Weld J 71(5):171-s–178-s American Welding Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  16. ISO 15792-1:2000(E) Welding consumables — Test methods — Part 1: Test methods for all-weld metal test specimens in steel, nickel and nickel alloys. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva

  17. ASTM E1086 Standard test method for optical emission vacuum spectrometric analysis of stainless steel by the point-to-plane excitation technique. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  18. ASTM E562 Standard practice for determining volume fraction by systematic manual point count. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  19. ASTM A800/A800M Standard Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  20. ASTM E384 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  21. ASTM A370 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products. ASTM international, West Conshohocken

  22. (2016) AWS B4.0 Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, 8th edn. American Welding Society, Miami

  23. ASTM G48 Standard practices for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steel and related alloy by use of ferric chloride solution. ASTM international, West Conshohocken

  24. ASTM G 123 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Alloys with Different Nickel Content in Boiling Acidified Sodium Chloride Solution. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  25. (2013) Outokumpu duplex stainless steel data sheet. Outokumpu Oyj, Helsinki

  26. Stress Corrosion Cracking Properties of UNS S32101 – A new Duplex Stainless Steel with low Nickel Content, page 1–16, 2–2007, Outokumpu Oyj, Helsinki

  27. The welding consequences of replacing austenitic with duplex stainless steel, 1–2009, Outokumpu Oyj, Helsinki

  28. Duplex stainless steels in the hydrometallurgical industry, pp 2-16, 1-2010, and Corrosion testing of stainless steel for metal leaching applications, pp 7–18, 1–10, Outokumpu Oyj, Helsinki

  29. ASTM G 36 Standard practice for evaluating stress-corrosion cracking resistance of metals and alloys in a boiling magnesium chloride solution. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  30. AWS A5.4/A5.4M Specification for stainless steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding. American Welding Society, Miami

  31. ISO 3581 Welding consumables -- covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels – classification. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva

  32. ASTM A 923 Standard practices for detecting Intermetallic phases in Duplex Austenitic/ Ferritic stainless steel. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

Download references

Acknowledgments

Sincere thanks are extended to Mr. Umesh Agarwal, CEO, Ms. GEE Ltd., Kalyan (West) Thane Mumbai, India, for providing especially formulated SMAW electrodes, on complimentary basis, to achieve the objectives of this research program. Also, sincere thanks are extended to Mr. Fredrik Prabhu, Sr. Manager, ITW India Pvt. Ltd. for giving permission for utilizing welding equipment and for technical guidance and resource support by his welding engineer, Mr. Subhash Das, for arranging the resource facility of the weld test coupons preparation.

Funding

The authors would like to express their appreciation for financial support provided by GUJCOST-DST under Minor Research Project Scheme award of Research grant (2014-15.) Ref. GUJCOST Letter Dated 30th March 2015.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgy Department, Government Engineering College, Sec-28, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    P. K. Nanavati

  2. Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    D. J. Kotecki

  3. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

    Sanjay N. Soman

Authors
  1. P. K. Nanavati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. J. Kotecki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjay N. Soman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. K. Nanavati.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Recommended for publication by Commission II - Arc Welding and Filler Metals

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nanavati, P.K., Kotecki, D.J. & Soman, S.N. Effect of weld metal ferrite content on mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking resistance in 22 Cr 5 Ni duplex stainless steel. Weld World 63, 793–805 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00708-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00708-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation