Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differences between secondary and primary flash formation on coating of HSS with AISI 316 using friction surfacing

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Welding in the World Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Friction surfacing (FS) enables to deposit thick coating layers with fine grain for improvement of wear and corrosion properties of the substrates. The primary flash formation inherent to the FS process occurs around the consumable rod and grows in axial direction towards the clamping zone. If this primary flash growth is axially constrained, a secondary flash starts to grow parallel to surface of the substrate. This secondary flash stays in contact with the outer surface of the coating layer, affecting the properties of FS process. The influence of secondary and primary flash formation on coating is compared in detail via SEM and EBSD concerning the metallurgical structure of the deposited layer and joining mechanisms to the substrate. In the present study, a dissimilar metal coating layer with thickness of about 1 mm is produced. The consumable rod is austenitic stainless steel AISI 316, with 10 mm in diameter, and substrate is a plate of high-strength steel (HSS). The secondary flash formation has a beneficial effect on FS process efficiency and hardness of the coating, overmatching the hardness of the HSS substrate. This fact represents opportunities for several industrial applications and a new field of research for further improvement of FS process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nicholas ED (1992) Friction surfacing and linear friction welding. International SAMPE Metals and Metals Processing Conference. Simultaneous Convening of the 3rd International SAMPE Metals Conference and the 24th International SAMPE Technical Conference. Part 2 (of 2); Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 20-22 October, Code 17615. Volume 3, pp 450–463

  2. Nicholas ED (1993) Friction surfacing. ASM Handbook, Volume 6: Welding Brazing and Soldering, Solid-State Welding, Brazing, and Soldering Processes (Chairperson: Randy Roper, EG&G Rocky Flats). ASM International. pp. 321–323

  3. Klopstock H, Neelands AR (1941) An improved method of joining or welding metals. Application Date October 17. UK Patent GB 572789 (A). IPC B23K 20/12

  4. Bishop E (1960) Friction welding in the Soviet Union. Welding and metal fabrication. IPC Scientific and Technology Press. Volume 28. pp. 408–410

  5. Nicholas ED, Thomas WM (1998) A review of friction processes for aerospace applications. International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 13:45–55

    Google Scholar 

  6. Nicholas ED (2003) Friction processing technologies. Welding in the World 47:2–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Murch MG, Temple-Smith P, Dawes CJ (1991) Improvements relating to friction stir welding. US Patent Nº. 5460317

  8. Rafi HK, Phanikumar G, Rao KP (2013) Corrosion resistance of friction surfaced AISI 304 stainless steel coatings. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22:366–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dunkerton SB, Thomas WM (1986) Repair by friction welding. Repair and Reclamation, organized by Materials Engineering Committee of the Institute of Metals. The Welding Institute. Abington. September 24-25. England

  10. Thomas WM (2009) An investigation and study into friction stir welding of ferrous-based material. PhD thesis, University of Bolton

  11. Fukakusa K (1996) On the characteristics of the rotational contact plane—a fundamental study of friction surfacing. Welding International 10:524–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Rafi HK, Phanikumar G, Rao KP (2011) Material flow visualization during friction surfacing. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42:937–939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Vitanov VI, Voutchkov II, Bedford GM (2000) Decision support system to optimise the Frictec (friction surfacing) process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 107:236–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kramer de Macedo ML, Pinheiro GA, dos Santos JF, Strohaecker TR (2010) Deposit by friction surfacing and its applications. Welding International 24:422–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Macedo ML (2011) Caracterização de depósitos realizados pelo processo de deposição por fricção em chapas de aço de alto carbono. PhD Thesis. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

  16. Puli R, Janaki Ram GD (2012) Microstructures and properties of friction surfaced coatings in AISI 440C martensitic stainless steel. Surface and Coatings Technology 207:310–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Puli R, Kumar EN, Ram GDJ (2011) Characterization of friction surfaced martensitic stainless steel (AISI 410) coatings. Transactions of The Indian Institute of Metals 64:41–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Puli R, Janaki Ram GD (2012) Corrosion performance of AISI 316 L friction surfaced coatings. Corrosion Science 62:95–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Govardhan D, Kumar ACS, Murti KGK, Madhusudhan Reddy G (2012) Characterization of austenitic stainless steel friction surfaced deposit over low carbon steel. Materials & Design 36:206–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gandra J, Miranda RM, Vilaça P (2012) Performance analysis of friction surfacing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212:1676–1686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Beyer M, Resende A, dos Santos JF (2003) Friction surfacing for multi-sectorial applications—FRICSURF, in, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Institute for Materials Research

  22. Gandra J, Miranda RM, Vilaça P (2011) Monitoring of temperature and mechanical parameters in friction surfacing, IIW 2011 - 64th Annual Assembly, Chennai. Doc. III-1592-11

  23. Hoseini Asliy A, Zarei-Hanzaki A (2009) Dynamic recrystallization behavior of a Fe-Cr-Ni super-austenitic stainless steel. Journal Materials Science Technology 25:603–606

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gol’dshtein MI, Bronfin BM, Shifman AZ, Osipov VV (1979) Mechanism of grain boundary strengthening of steels. Metal Science and Heat Treatment 21:104–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sato YS, Nelson TW, Sterling CJ (2005) Recrystallization in type 304L stainless steel during friction stirring. Acta Materialia 53:637–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kokawa H, Park SHC, Sato YS, Okamoto K, Hirano S, Inagaki M (2005) Microstructures in Friction Stir Welded 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel. Welding in the World 49(3/4):34–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Saukkonen T, Aalto M, Virkkunen I, Ehrnsten U, Hänninen H (2011) Plastic Strain and Residual Stress Distributions in AISI 304 Stainless Steel Power Plant Pipe Welds. 15th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems and Water Reactors, TMS, August 7-11. Colorado, USA. Wiley. pp. 2351–2367

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Design and Production, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. box 14200, 00076, Aalto, Finland

    Pedro Vilaça, Hannu Hänninen & Tapio Saukkonen

  2. UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal

    Rosa M. Miranda

Authors
  1. Pedro Vilaça
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hannu Hänninen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tapio Saukkonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rosa M. Miranda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro Vilaça.

Additional information

Doc. IIW-2463, recommended for publication by Commission III "Resistance Welding, Solid State Welding and Allied Joining Processes."

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vilaça, P., Hänninen, H., Saukkonen, T. et al. Differences between secondary and primary flash formation on coating of HSS with AISI 316 using friction surfacing. Weld World 58, 661–671 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0148-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0148-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation