Abstract
Quite a number of numerical models for hydrogen-assisted cracking in different kind of steels are existing reaching from simple analytical models to more complex two- and three-dimensional finite element simulations. These numerical models have been used to simulate the processes of hydrogen-assisted cracking in homogeneous microstructure. This paper contributes to numerical simulation of hydrogen-assisted cracking in heterogeneous microstructure, e.g., in a duplex stainless steel microstructure consisting of two phase fractions. If hydrogen is absorbed during welding or during service, i.e., due to cathodic protection, hydrogen is leading to material embrittlement and leads to hydrogen-assisted cracking. In order to improve understanding of the mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking in duplex stainless steels, a numerical model has been created that operates at the mesoscale and enables simulation of stress–strain distribution as well as cracking in the various phases of a metallic material. Stress–strain distribution and hydrogen-assisted cracking in the duplex stainless steel 1.4462, consisting of approximately equal portions of ferrite and austenite, was simulated using the finite element program ANSYS. It was shown by numerical simulation that higher local stresses and strains are present at ferrite and austenite than the global stresses and strains in the duplex stainless steel, while the highest plastic deformations occur at austenite and the highest stresses can be found in small ferrite bars surrounded by ductile austenitic islands. By analyzing the stress–strain distribution in the duplex microstructure, crack critical areas in the ferrite can be identified. Hydrogen-assisted cracking was modeled assuming high hydrogen concentrations and regarding the local mechanical load in each phase of the duplex stainless steel. The mesoscale model qualitatively reflects the crack initiation and propagation process in the ferritic and austenitic phase of the duplex stainless steel.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez-Armas I (2008) Duplex stainless steels: brief history and some recent alloys. Recent Patents Mech Eng 1(1):51–57
Lo KH, Shek CH, Lai JKL (2009) Recent developments in stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng R 65(4–6):39–104
Olden V, Thaulow C, Johnsen R, Ostby E, Berstad T (2009) Influence of hydrogen from cathodic protection on the fracture susceptibility of 25%Cr duplex stainless steel—constant load SENT testing and FE-modelling using hydrogen influenced cohesive zone elements. Eng Fract Mech 76(7):827–844
Oltra R, Bouillot C (1994) Experimental investigation of the role of hydrogen in stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steel. In: Turnbull A (ed) Hydrogen transport and cracking in metals. Institute of Materials, London, pp 17–27
Huang J-H, Altstetter CJ (1995) Cracking of duplex stainless steel due to dissolved hydrogen. Metall Mater Trans A 26(5):1079–1085
Kikuchi Y, Lundin C, Khan K (1991) Measurement of diffusible hydrogen content and hydrogen effects on the cracking potential of duplex stainless steel weldments (Part 1). Trans JWRI 20(2):95–104
Elhoud AM, Renton NC, Deans WF (2010) Hydrogen embrittlement of super duplex stainless steel in acid solution. Int J Hydrog Energy 35(12):6455–6464
Chou S-L, Tsai W-T (1999) Effect of grain size on the hydrogen-assisted cracking in duplex stainless steels. Mat Sci Eng A 270A(2):219–224
San Marchi C, Somerday BP, Zelinski J, Tang X, Schiroky GH (2007) Mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steel 2507 after gas phase thermal precharging with hydrogen. Metall Mater Trans A 38(11):2763–2775
Boellinghaus T, Hoffmeister H (2000) Numerical model for hydrogen-assisted cracking. Corrosion 56(6):611–622
Boellinghaus Th, Hoffmeister H (1997) Finite element calculations of pre- and post-heating procedures for sufficient hydrogen removal in butt joints. In: Cerjak H (ed.) Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 3, pp. 726–756
Turnbull A (1993) Modelling of environment assisted cracking. Corros Sci 34(6):921–960
Maroef I, Olson DL, Eberhart M, Edwards GR (2002) Hydrogen trapping in ferritic steel weld metal. Int Mater Rev 47(4):191–223
Mente T, Boellinghaus T (2012) Modeling of hydrogen distribution in a duplex stainless steel. Weld World 56(11/12):66–78
ThyssenKrupp: Nirosta® 4462 (uns s 31803/uns s 32205) ferritic-austenitic duplex steel with high strength and corrosion resistance, 2009, Online: http://www.thyssenkrupp-nirosta.de/fileadmin/media/PDF/4462_en.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2011
Viyanit E (2005) Numerical simulation of hydrogen assisted cracking in supermartensitic stainless steel welds. Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, PhD.-Thesis, 196 pages
Wongpanya P, Böllinghaus T, Lothongkum G, Hoffmeister H (2009) Numerical modelling of cold crack initiation and propagation in S 1100 QL steel root welds. Weld World 53(3/4):R34–R43
Olden V, Thaulow C, Johnsen R, Ostby E, Berstad T (2008) Application of hydrogen influenced cohesive laws in the prediction of hydrogen induced stress cracking in 25%Cr duplex stainless steel. Eng Fract Mech 75(8):2333–2351
Ansys Inc. (2009) Element reference, Online: http://www1.ansys.com/customer/content/documentation/120/ans_elem.pdf, Accessed 19 Feb 2011
Takai K, Shoda H (2010) Dynamic behavior of hydrogen desorption from pure iron and inconel 625 during elastic and plastic deformations. Matéria (Rio J) 15(2):267–274
Donovan JA (1976) Accelerated evolution of hydrogen from metals during plastic deformation. Metall Mater Trans A 7(11):1677–1683
Toribio J, Kharin V (2000) A hydrogen diffusion model for applications in fusion nuclear technology. Fusion Eng Des 51–52:213–218
Kattis MA (1993) On the uncoupled problem of stress-assisted diffusion through a linear elastic solid. Acta Mech 1–4:37–46
Jia N, Lin Peng R, Brown DW, Clausen B, Yang YD (2008) Tensile deformation behavior of duplex stainless steel studied by in-situ time-of-flight neutron diffraction. Metall Mater Trans A 39(13):3134–3140
Cho K, Gurland J (1988) The law of mixtures applied to the plastic deformation of two-phase alloys of coarse microstructures. Metall Mater Trans A 19(8):2027–2040
Mcirdi L, Baptiste D, Inal K, Lebrun JL, Barbier G (2001) Multi-scale behaviour modelling of an austeno–ferritic steel. J Neutron Res 9(2–4):217–225
Weng GJ (1990) The overall elastoplastic stress-strain relations of dual-phase metals. J Mech Phys Solid 38(3):419–441
Ramberg W, Osgood WR (1943) Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters. Technical Note No. 902, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington DC
Rasmussen KJR (2003) Full-range stress-strain curves for stainless steel alloys. J Constr Steel Res 59(1):47–61
ISO 6892-1 (2009) Metallic materials—tensile testing, Part1: method of test at room temperature
Dakhlaoui R, Braham C, Baczmański A, Wroński S, Wierzbanowski K, Oliver EC (2006) Effect of residual stresses on mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel studied by diffraction and self-consistent modelling. Mater Sci Forum 524–525:185–190
Andersson H (1973) A finite-element representation of stable crack-growth. J Mech Phys Solid 21(5):337–356
Zimmer P, Boellinghaus Th, Kannengiesser Th. effects of hydrogen on weld microstructure mechanical properties of the high strength steels S 690Q and S 1100QL, 2004, IIW-Doc. No. II-A-141-04
Beyer K, Brauser S, Kannengießer Th (2010) Trägergas-Heißextraktion zur Analyse der Wasserstoffeinlagerung und -effusion in Duplexgefügen. (Analysis of the hydrogen-occlusion and effusion in duplex microstructures using carrier gas hot extraction). In: M. Pohl (ed.) Tagung Werkstoffprüfung (Conference on Materials Testing), Neu-Ulm
Luu WC, Liu PW, Wu JK (2002) Hydrogen transport and degradation of a commercial duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci 44(8):1783–1791
Chen SS, Wu TI, Wu JK (2004) Effects of deformation on hydrogen degradation in a duplex stainless steel. J Mater Sci 39(1):67–71
Owczarek E, Zakroczymski T (2000) Hydrogen transport in a duplex stainless steel. Acta Mater 48(12):3059–3070
Asgari SA, Hodgson PD, Yang C, Rolfe BF (2009) Modeling of advanced high strength steels with the realistic microstructure–strength relationships. Comput Mater Sci 45(4):860–866
Liao B, Zhang C, Wu J, Cai D, Zhao C, Ren X, Yang Q (2008) Numerical simulation of the stress strain curve of duplex weathering steel. Mater Design 29(2):562–567
Sun X, Choi KS, Liu WN, Khaleel MA (2009) Predicting failure modes and ductility of dual phase steels using plastic strain localization. Int J Plast 25(10):1888–1909
Głowacka A, Woźniak MJ, Nolze G, Świątnicki WA (2006) Hydrogen induced phase transformations in austenitic-ferritic steel. Solid State Phenom 112:133–140
Chiu PK, Weng KL, Wang SH, Yang JR, Huang YS, Fang J (2005) Low-cycle fatigue-induced martensitic transformation in SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 398(1–2):349–359
Dabah E, Lisitsyn V, Eliezer D (2010) Performance of hydrogen trapping and phase transformation in hydrogenated duplex stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng A 527(18–19):4851–4857
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Doc. IIW-2422, recommended for publication by Commission II “Arc Welding and Filler Metals.”
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mente, T., Boellinghaus, T. Mesoscale modeling of hydrogen-assisted cracking in duplex stainless steels. Weld World 58, 205–216 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0106-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0106-7