Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of alloys creates segregated microstructures with significant differences from those of traditional wrought alloys. Understanding how the local build conditions generate specific microstructures is essential for developing post-build heat treatments with the goal of producing parts with reliable and predictable properties. This research examines the position- and orientation-dependent microstructures within IN625 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test specimens, including three-dimensional AM builds and individual laser traces on bare metal plates. Detailed characterizations of the solidification microstructures, compositional heterogeneities, grain structures and orientations, and melt pool geometries are described.













Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
References
Dey GK, Albert S, Srivastava D, Sundararaman M, Mukhopadhyay P (1989) Microstructural studies on rapidly solidified Inconel 625. Mater Sci Eng A 119:175–184
Dinda GP, Dasgupta AK, Mazumder J (2009) Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Mater Sci Eng A 509:98–104
Ricker RE, Heigel JC, Lane BM, Zhirnov I, Levine LE (2019) Topographic measurement of individual laser tracks in alloy 625 bare plates. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8(4):521–536
Liverani E, Toschi S, Ceschini L, Fortunato A (2017) Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Proc Technol 249:255–263
Brown CU, Jacob G, Possolo A, Beauchamp CR, Peltz MA, Stoudt MR, Donmez AM (2018) NIST advanced manufacturing series 100–19. NIST, Gaithersburg. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-19
Olson GB (1997) Computational design of hierarchically structured materials. Science 277:1237–1242
Beaudoin AJ, Acharya A, Chen SR, Korzekwa DA, Stout MG (2000) Consideration of grain-size effect and kinetics in the plastic deformation of metal polycrystals. Acta Mater 48:3409–3423
Thornton K, Nola S, Garcia RE, Asta M, Olson GB (2009) Computation in the materials science and engineering core. JOM 61:12–17
Xiong W, Olson GB (2015) Integrated computational materials design for high-performance alloys. MRS Bull 40:1035–1044
Roters F, Eisenlohr P, Hantcherli L, Tjahjanto DD, Bieler TR, Raabe D (2010) Overview of constitutive laws, kinematics, homogenization and multiscale methods in crystal plasticity finite-element modeling: theory, experiments, applications. Acta Mater 58:1152–1211
Lane BM, Heigel JC, Ricker R, Zhirnov I, Khromschenko V, Weaver J, Phan TQ, Stoudt MR, Mekhontsev S, Levine LE (2020) Measurements of melt pool geometry and cooling rates of individual laser traces on IN625 bare plates. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00169-1
Zhang F, Levine LE, Allen AJ, Young SW, Williams ME, Stoudt MR et al (2019) Phase fraction and evolution of additively manufactured (AM) 15-5 stainless steel and Inconel 625 AM-Bench artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8(3):362–377
Phan TQ, Strantza M, Hill M, Gnaeupel-Herold TH, Heigel JC, D’Elia JC, DeWald AT, Clausen B, Pagan DC, Ko P, Brown DW, Levine LE (2019) Elastic residual strain and stress measurements and corresponding part deflections of 3D additive manufacturing builds of IN625 AM-Bench artifacts using neutron diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and contour method. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8(3):318–334
Levine LE, Lane BM, Heigel JC, Migler K, Stoudt MR, Phan TQ, Ricker RE, Strantza M, Hill M, Zhang F, Seppala J, Garboczi E, Bain E, Cole D, Allen AJ, Fox J, Campbell CE (2020) Outcomes and conclusions from the 2018 AM-Bench measurements, challenge problems, modeling submissions, and conference. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00164-1
Heigel JC, Lane BM, Levine LE (2020) In situ measurements of melt-pool length and cooling rate during 3D builds of the metal AM-Bench artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00170-8
Levine LE, Stoudt MR, Lane BM (2018) A preview of the NIST/TMS additive manufacturing benchmark test and conference series. JOM 70:259–260
Levine LE (2018) Additive manufacturing benchmark test series. NIST. https://www.nist.gov/ambench. Accessed 2 Mar 2020
Anon (2019) Inconel (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inconel&oldid=884478648. Accessed 2 Mar 2020
Suave L, Cormier J, Villechaise P, Soula A, Hervier Z, Bertheau D, Laigo J (2014) Microstructural evolutions during thermal aging of alloy 625: impact of temperature and forming process. Metall Mater Trans A 45:2963–2982
Petrzak P, Kowalski K, Blicharski M (2016) Analysis of phase transformations in Inconel 625 alloy during annealing. Acta Phys Pol A 130:1041–1044
Sundararaman M, Kumar L, Prasad GE, Mukhopadhyay P, Banerjee S (1999) Precipitation of an intermetallic phase with Pt 2 Mo-type structure in alloy 625. Metall Mater Trans A 30:41–52
Cortial F, Corrieu JM, Vernot-Loier C (1995) Influence of heat treatments on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of weld alloy 625. Metall Mater Trans A 26:1273–1286
Zhang F, Levine LE, Allen AJ, Stoudt MR, Lindwall G, Lass EA, Williams ME, Idell Y, Campbell CE (2018) Effect of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution of a nickel-based superalloy additive-manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Acta Mater 152:200–214
Stoudt MR, Lass EA, Ng DS, Williams ME, Zhang F, Campbell CE, Lindwall G, Levine LE (2018) The influence of annealing temperature and time on the formation of δ-phase in additively-manufactured Inconel 625. Metall Mater Trans A 49:3028–3037
Lass EA, Stoudt MR, Williams ME, Katz MB, Levine LE, Phan TQ, Gnaeupel-Herold TH, Ng DS (2017) Formation of the Ni3 Nbδ-phase in stress-relieved Inconel 625 produced via laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing. Metall Mater Trans A 48:5547–5558
Lass EA, Stoudt MR, Katz MB, Williams ME (2018) Precipitation and dissolution of δ and γ “during heat treatment of a laser powder-bed fusion produced Ni-based superalloy”. Scr Mater 154:83–86
VanderVoort GF (1999) Metallography principles and practice. ASM International, Materials Park
Keller T, Lindwall G, Ghosh S, Ma L, Lane BM, Zhang F, Kattner UR, Lass EA, Heigel JC, Idell Y, Williams ME, Allen AJ, Guyer JE, Levine LE (2017) Application of finite element, phase-field, and CALPHAD-based methods to additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys. Acta Mater 139:244–253
Zhang F, Levine LE, Allen AJ, Campbell CE, Lass EA, Cheruvathur S, Stoudt MR, Williams ME, Idell Y (2017) Homogenization kinetics of a nickel-based superalloy produced by powder bed fusion laser sintering. Scr Mater 131:98–102
Hielscher R, Schaeben H (2008) A novel pole figure inversion method: specification of the MTEX algorithm. J Appl Cryst 41:1024–1037
Mason JK, Schuh JK (2009) Representations of texture. In: Schwartz AJ, Kumar M, Adams BL, Field DP (eds) Electron backscattered diffraction in materials science. Springer, New York, pp 35–51
Piglione A, Dovgyy B, Liu C, Gourlay CM, Hooper PA, Pham MS (2018) Printability and microstructure of the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Lett 224:22–25
Acknowledgements
Part of this research was supported by the Exascale Computing Project (17-SC-20-SC), a collaborative effort of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stoudt, M.R., Williams, M.E., Levine, L.E. et al. Location-Specific Microstructure Characterization Within IN625 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 9, 54–69 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00172-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00172-6

