Publisher Correction: Ophthalmol Ther https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00793-y


In this article several reference citations were incorrect in the text, and they have now been correctly renumbered.

The reference to [1–7], [10, 11] in the paragraph starting ‘Children’s ocular surfaces are increasingly…’ under section ‘Introduction’ should instead have referred to [1–8], [10–12].

The reference to [17, 18] in the paragraph starting ‘Numerous previous studies have found an…’ under section ‘Introduction’ should instead have referred to [17–19].

The reference to [21, 28] in the paragraph starting ‘Positive signs of aqueous deficiency…’ under heading ‘Definition’ in section ‘Methods’ should instead have referred to [21, 27].

The reference to [29, 30] in the paragraph starting ‘The Keratograph 5M…’ under section ‘Discussion’ should instead have referred to [28, 29].

Several references to [31–44] were incorrect in the paragraph starting ‘The mean TMH of 0.21 mm in this study…’ under section ‘Discussion’. The corrected paragraph should have been as follows.


The mean TMH of 0.21 mm in this study aligns with previous studies reporting on children [20, 30] and adults [22]. Moreover, the NIBUT of 12.45 s aligns with other studies in children [20, 30, 31], and is higher than 10.40 s in the adult study [22]. In keeping with the TMH and NIBUT increase with age in our study, tear secretion is thought to be maximal around age 10–20 years [32] and then decrease as reported [33–35]. However, we noticed that the mean values of TMH in participants of this study aged 7–11 years were lower than the adults’ diagnosed threshold values of dry eye. Similar to previous studies with healthy children and adults [5, 36–38], the mean value of LLT in the present study was 65.28 nm, less than adults with dry eyes [38]. LLT and PBR increased with age, consistent with the study of Weng and Li [39, 40]. In this study, PBR increased with aging, which may be due to a decrease in TB as a result of increased near work, such as smartphone use and study time, with aging. As Chidi-Egboka et al. suggested, smartphone use in children results in dry eye symptoms and immediately sustained slowing of blinking [41]. In this study, PB was unchanged, then PBR increased. We found MGL increased with age in agreement with Arita R et al., and there was a significant positive correlation between age and the lid margin abnormality score in populations aged 0–80 years [24]. Because the meibomian gland has been described to be morphologically complete at birth [42], we hypothesize that increased lacrimal gland function with age may instead aggravate the blockage of the Meibomian glands and cause the deficiency. Our results showed that tear secretion increased with age from 7 to 18 years. The ocular surface values of orthokeratology candidates aged 12–18 years were comparable to or better than those of adults, but those of the younger children were not. Ozdemir et al. revealed that tear function declined, especially the tear film breakup time values with advancing age, from age 20–86 years [43]. With aging, children have enhanced tear secretion with increased Meibomian gland deficiency.


The reference to [45], [40], [27] in the paragraph starting ‘In our study, both NIBUT…’ under section ‘Discussion’ should instead have referred to [44], [39], [45].

The reference to [28] in the paragraph starting ‘Cut-off values of…’ under section ‘Discussion’ should instead have referred to [27].

All the references under section ‘References’ are correct in the published article.

The original article has been corrected.