Recurrent Vitreomacular Traction in a Patient Treated with Ocriplasmin: A Case Report

Abstract

Introduction

To describe a case of recurrent vitreomacular traction and macular edema that appeared both before and after the intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin.

Case Report

An 82-year-old monocular man presented with metamorphopsia and reduced vision of 1-week duration. The patient’s general medical history was unremarkable. His ophthalmic history was significant for severe ocular trauma in the right eye in childhood that caused phthisis. The left eye had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification 3 months earlier and the 1-month postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was logarithmic mean angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.0. There was no history of other ocular conditions. At presentation, BCVA was logMAR 0.2 and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed the presence of cystoid macular edema caused by vitreomacular traction (VMT). The patient was scheduled for intravitreal ocriplasmin injection. Prior to treatment, the vision improved spontaneously to logMAR 0.1, and no VMT could be detected with spectral domain (SD)-OCT. The ocriplasmin injection was deferred but 3 weeks later the patient presented again with metamorphopsia, while VMT was again evident on SD-OCT. Ocriplasmin was injected and 1 month later the BCVA reached logMAR 0.1 without VMT. However, at 2 months post injection the VMT reappeared and a conservative approach with observation and topical nepafenac administration was decided. At the 3-month post-injection visit there was no VMT. More than 3 years after the ocriplasmin injection there is still no evidence of VMT, the patient is free of metamorphopsia, and his BCVA is logMAR 0.0.

Conclusion

Separation of consecutive layers of the vitreous cortex (vitreoschisis) may account for recurrent VMT.

Digital Features

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Introduction

In the last several years it has become increasingly recognized that the structure and dynamic changes of the vitreous are significantly more complex than previously assumed [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Age-related changes in the structure of the vitreous may lead to the formation of vitreomacular traction (VMT) [5, 6, 8, 9], a potentially sight-threatening condition that often calls for surgical intervention [10]. The introduction of ocriplasmin (Jetrea; ThromboGenics NV, Leuven, Belgium), a recombinant protein of the protease plasmin that severs VMTs by acting on connective tissue elements of the vitreoretinal interface such as fibronectin and laminin [11], has offered a minimally invasive treatment option [10, 12].

The aim of this article is to present a case with unusual response to the intravitreal administration of ocriplasmin for the treatment of VMT.

Case Report

An 82-year-old monocular man attended the outpatient unit with complains of metamorphopsia and reduced vision of 1-week duration in his only eye. The patient’s general medical history was significant for arterial hypertension treated with metoprolol, balloon angioplasty, and cardiac pacemaker insertion several years previously. His ophthalmic history was significant for severe ocular trauma in the right eye in childhood, which eventually caused phthisis. His left eye had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification 3 months previously in our center and according to the patient’s charts the 1-month postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was logarithmic mean angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.0. There was no history of other ocular conditions. Written informed consent for the publication of this report was obtained from the patient.

At presentation, the patient’s BCVA was logMAR 0.2, the Amsler test was positive, and cystoid macular edema was evident. The rest of the ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed the presence of cystoid macular edema due to VMT (Fig. 1a). No breaks were found at the peripheral retina. On the basis of these findings, the patient was scheduled for ocriplasmin injection. On the day the ocriplasmin injection was scheduled, the patient reported that his vision had spontaneously improved. Indeed, BCVA was logMAR 0.1 and no VMT could be detected (Fig. 1b). Consequently, the ocriplasmin injection was not administered.

Fig. 1

a–f Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for the reported case. Figures a and c were acquired using a Zeiss spectral domain OCT, whereas all other figures were acquired using a Status OCT device. Vitreomacular traction is indicated with arrowheads

Three weeks later the patient presented with complains of metamorphopsia, while VMT was evident on OCT (Fig. 1c). Ocriplasmin was injected, and at the 1-month post-injection visit the patient’s BCVA was logMAR 0.1 without evidence of VMT (Fig. 1d). However, at the 2-month post-injection visit, VMT reappeared (Fig. 1e). After counseling with the patient, conservative management with observation and topical administration of nepafenac three times daily was advocated.

At the 3-month post-injection visit there was no VMT, while BCVA was logMAR 0.0 (Fig. 1f). More than 3 years after the ocriplasmin injection the patient is free of metamorphopsia and VMT, while BCVA remains logMAR 0.0.

Discussion

The vitreous gel is composed predominantly of water (approximately 98%), collagen fibrils, and hyaluronic acid (HA) [1]. Several collagen types can be identified in the vitreous; however, the main ingredients of the collagen fibrils consist of types V/XI, II, and IX. A network of collagen fibrils forms a skeleton-like structure that maintains its volume with the interference of HA, which is highly hydrophilic [2]. Topographically, the vitreous is divided into two parts: the central vitreous and the cortex. The latter has the highest vitreal concentration of collagen and HA [2]. Posteriorly, the vitreous cortex adheres to the inner limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina via extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, and opticin [3]. The collagen of the posterior vitreous cortex is not organized in a monolayer as previously thought but seems to have a multi-lamellae structure [4]. Vitreoschisis refers to the separation of the posterior vitreous cortex lamellae, thus creating two distinct layers: the anterior towards the vitreous and the posterior towards the retina.

Age-related processes transform the vitreous from a solid gel in youth to a mostly liquified substance in adults over 40 years old [5]. Vitreous liquefaction (synchisis) is considered to be caused by gradual degeneration and collapse of collagen fibrils into parallel bundles within the central vitreous [6]. The liquified vitreous becomes unstable and collapses upon itself (syneresis) [7]. Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occurs when the vitreous is separated from the retinal surface primarily due to the age-related processes of liquefaction and dehiscence. The clinical manifestations of anomalous PVD depend upon the location of the strongest vitreoretinal adhesions. At the periphery, anomalous PVD induces retinal tears and detachments. At the macula, anomalous PVD may cause vitreoschisis with macular pucker, macular holes, VMT syndrome, or may contribute to diabetic macular edema [8]. Partial PVD with perifoveal vitreous cortex detachment and obstinate vitreal attachment to the fovea characterizes all types of VMT [9]. The therapeutic options for symptomatic VMT include observation, enzymatic vitreolysis with ocriplasmin, mechanical gas tamponade, and pars plana vitrectomy [10].

Ocriplasmin is a 27-kDa recombinant protein of the human serine protease plasmin, which acts on fibronectin and laminin of the vitreoretinal interface [11]. The efficacy and safety of ocriplasmin for the treatment of VMT and full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) were established in two phase III clinical trials: the Microplasmin for Intravitreal Injection Traction Release without Surgical Treatment (MIVI-TRUST) study and the Ocriplasmin for Treatment of Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion Including Macular Hole (OASIS) study [12, 13]. Ideally, patients considered for ocriplasmin treatment should be phakic, younger than 65 years, without epiretinal membrane (ERM) or diabetic retinopathy, having a VMT width that measures less than 1500 μm, or an FTMH smaller than 250 μm [14]. Adverse events observed after the use of ocriplasmin include visual acuity reduction, zonular phacodonesis or dehiscence, retinal tear or detachment, and retinal toxicity [15].

In our case, the decision to treat the VMT with ocriplasmin was based on multiple factors: the patient had no other ocular disorders, the VMT was narrower than 1500 μm, the macula was edematous, the symptoms were quite bothersome, and the patient preferred a non-surgical option for his only eye. Both the retinal traction and accompanying edema subsided spontaneously before treatment, but the improvement was temporary. As the VMT reappeared, enzymatic vitreolysis was performed. Unfortunately, despite the initial success, regression to the pre-treatment state occurred soon. Observation was advised at the time, while complete and permanent regression was observed at 3 months post injection.

We believe that the recurrent vitreomacular traction observed in our patient is the result of vitreoschisis: successive layers of the posterior vitreous cortex were detached while traction was exerted at the macula. The goal of pharmacological vitreolysis is to induce liquefaction of the vitreous gel while promoting its complete dehiscence from the retina [12, 14, 16]. To be successful, pharmacological vitreolysis should induce these two events simultaneously, or at least ensure that liquefaction does not progress without sufficient vitreoretinal dehiscence [10, 12,13,14, 16].

Incomplete posterior vitreoschisis has been described in patients with VMT [17, 18]. According to the literature, VMT resolution after ocriplasmin administration has a suboptimal outcome in 30–40% of cases [12, 16]. Besides, in 30% of patients, the VMT settles spontaneously without any treatment [19, 20].

Our case highlights the uncertainties that clinicians may face when managing patients with VMT. In certain instances, it may be impossible to determine if an apparent VMT exists in a schisis-prone vitreous cortex. As indicated by our case, the effectiveness of ocriplasmin in alleviating VMT may be suboptimal over the long term in such eyes. In our case, the differential diagnosis should include pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (Irvine–Gass syndrome) [21]. However, our patient had macular edema only in the presence of vitreomacular traction, but never without it. This strongly suggests that our patient’s clinical findings were due to vitreoschisis, rather than the Irvine–Gass syndrome.

In agreement with currently available data, our report suggests that ocriplasmin results may be unpredictable. However, it needs to be acknowledged that certain characteristics of our patient (age over 65 years, pseudophakia) might have limited the efficacy of this treatment.

Conclusion

The possibility of vitreoschisis should always be considered when using pharmacological vitreolysis for VMT. As vitreous dynamics are more complex than previously thought [2, 4, 8, 9], the use of ocriplasmin should be considered in carefully selected patients. In many cases, observation may be all that is needed.