The Treatment of Hypersalivation in Rett Syndrome with Botulinum Toxin: Efficacy and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Introduction

Subjects with Rett syndrome (RS) develop invariably severe motor deterioration resulting in swallowing difficulties that may produce excessive drooling. Hypersalivation can cause discomfort due to hygienic problems and may complicate with oral and respiratory dysfunctions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the response to treatment with botulinum toxin (BTX) for hypersalivation and to identify possible benefits of saliva reduction on oral motor and respiratory disorders of patients with RS.

Methods

Five consecutive patients with RS and hypersalivation were treated with incobotulinumtoxin A injected in salivary glands with ultrasound guidance. Severity of excessive drooling was assessed with the Thomas-Stonell and Greenberg Scale (TGSC) and the clinical impact of the treatment was evaluated using three selected items of RS Assessment Rating Scale (R.A.R.S.): eating habits, dyspnoea and bruxism. Scale rating was performed before BTX injection (T0), 4 (T1) and 12 (T2) weeks after.

Results

Scores of TGSC and R.A.R.S. (for eating and bruxism) were reduced significantly after therapy at T1.

Conclusions

BTX treatment for sialorrhea in RS is effective in reducing saliva production and may also improve oral motor functions.

Introduction

Rett syndrome (RS) is a severe rare neurodevelopment disorder, affecting almost exclusively females and presenting with psychomotor regression and autistic features [1]. RS diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and is supported by genetic testing. Loss-of-function mutations of the gene-encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) are usually associated with RS [2].

Excessive drooling frequently impairs quality of life in children with RS. Hypersalivation is probably secondary to swallowing difficulties and it can be worsened by other factors, like antiepileptic drug (AED) intake and respiratory problems [3]. Drooling is also reported in several autistic syndromes associated with neurologic and metabolic disease, like mitochondrial dysfunctions or in Niemann–Pick type C [4]. The occurrence of hypersalivation in RS was reported only in a few and dated studies. A survey of RS in North America conducted by Coleman and colleagues 30 years ago found that drooling was present in 84% of patients with RS [5].

Botulinum toxin (BTX) injection in salivary glands is reported to be effective to reduce saliva production both in adults with neurodegenerative disorders and in children with cerebral palsy (CP). RS patients share several clinical features with children affected by CP; therefore, it is reasonable that BTX treatment of sialorrhea could be effective also for them [6].

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of BTX injections for excessive drooling in a group of patients with RS and to identify possible further benefits from the treatment.

Methods

Five consecutive female patients affected by RS with excessive drooling and never treated before with BTX were recruited from January to December 2017 at the Child Neuropsychiatric Department of “Federico II” University of Naples, Italy. Diagnosis of RS in each patient was based on clinical criteria and confirmed by the evidence of MECP2 gene deletions.

Patients were assessed for hypersalivation with the Thomas-Stonell and Greenberg Scale (TSGS) [7]. The TSGS is a semiquantitative assessment of drooling severity (five-point scale, from 0 = no drooling to 5 = profuse drooling) and frequency (four-point scale, 0 = no drooling to 5 = constant drooling).

The impact of excessive drooling on oral motor and respiratory features of the disease were evaluated with the Rett Assessment Rating Scale (RARS) [8] for the following three items: eating habits, dyspnoea and bruxism. The RARS provides extensive information about global clinical conditions of patients with RS. It is divided into seven domains: cognitive, sensorial, motor, emotional, autonomy, typical characteristics of the disease and behavior (four-point scale, 1 = no symptoms to 4 = multiple symptoms) [9].

BTX type A was injected in submandibular and parotid glands bilaterally with the aid of ultrasound guidance using a 7–12-MHz linear probe. All treatments were performed using a fix total dose of one BTX brand in order to have a more reliable comparison on drug efficacy among patients: 150 U of incobotulinumtoxin A (Xeomin™). The score of TSGS and RARS on the selected items was detected before BTX treatment (T0), 4 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after the injections. A consent form was signed by one parent of each girl participating in the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

The occurrence of adverse events was assessed by a medical evaluation at T1 and T2 and interviewing parents by telephone 2 weeks after the injections.

Statistical Analysis

Given the small number of subjects and because the distribution of variables could not be assumed to be approximately normal, all statistical analyses applied were nonparametric tests. The effects of BTX on the outcome measures (TSGS and RARS on the selected items) over time were evaluated by means of Friedman tests. As post hoc analysis, we used the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the benefit from BTX injections after each injection. Data were analyzed using software (SPSS v. 22.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc.). The significance level was set as p = 0.05. Alpha inflation due to multiple comparisons was controlled according to Bonferroni’s approach when appropriate. Data are presented as median (interquartile range, IQR).

Results

Patients included in the study were 5 females with age ranging from 13 to 23 years (median: 19 ± 5.75). All patients utilized a wheelchair and were not able to speak. Four patients were receiving enteral nutrition by percutaneous gastrostomy with integration of oral nutritional supplements. Three patients were under AEDs. Clinical details are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 clinical features

The TSGS score was reduced significantly after treatment [χ²(2) = 9.294, p = 0.01, Friedman test], and these results were confirmed by post hoc analysis with Wilcoxon signed rank tests, putting forward a significant improvement of TSGS score after 4 weeks [T0: 4 (1) vs. T1: 2 (0.25); p = 0.016], with no significant effect after 12 weeks [T0: 4 (1) vs T2: 4 (0.25); p = 0.157]. A clinical improvement after treatment was also observed for the RARS bruxism score [χ²(2) = 7.429, p = 0.024, Friedman test] and RARS eating score [χ²(2) = 6.000, p = 0.049, Friedman test], but, unfortunately, such statistical significance did not survive after post hoc analysis (p > 0.059; Wilcoxon signed rank test). Lastly, a trend towards statistical significance was observed for the RARS dyspnea score after BTX injections [χ²(2) = 5.600, p = 0.061, Friedman test; Fig. 1]. Scores of TSGS and RARS items are presented in supplemental materials (Table S1).

Fig. 1

Effect of BTX injections on clinical scores (TSGS, RARS eating, RARS dyspnoea, RARS bruxism) after 4 (T1) and 12 weeks (T2)

In one patient, swallowing difficulties worsened 2 weeks after BTX injections and recovered 4 weeks later, with no major complications resulted from dysphagia. No side effects or adverse events related to BTX treatment were noticed in the remaining patients.

Discussion

This study shows that BTX injection into salivary glands can decrease saliva production, reducing excessive drooling in a small sample of patients affected by RS. Improvement in hypersalivation seems also to affect positively a few RS clinical features related to oral motor dysfunctions.

Previous studies showed that BTX-A is effective in reducing drooling both in adults with neurodegenerative disorders and in children with CP [10]. This is the first report of BTX treatment for sialorrhea in children and young adults affected by a genetic disorder like RS. All patients were injected with the same brand of BTX, incobotulinumtoxin A, in order to have more reliable results for comparisons among patients. Patients received the dose of 150 U that is higher in comparison to the amount reported in previous studies on the treatment of sialorrhea. When our study started, there was no official indication of BTX for excessive salivation and we chose to give that dose because, in our experience, it was effective and safe if injections were performed under ultrasound guidance.

Considering the similarities of commercially available toxins, it is reasonable that both abobotulinum and onabotulinum toxin A would provide analogous results [11].

Injections were performed under ultrasound guidance to localize precisely BTX spreading into salivary glands and to prevent diffusion on contiguous muscles that may produce further swallowing difficulties. Just in one case dysphagia became more severe for a few weeks after the treatment with no other complications. The remaining four patients did not report any adverse event following BTX injections.

In order to assess a possible effect of BTX treatment for sialorrhea on other clinical features, oral motor and upper respiratory functions were investigated using three selected items of RARS [8, 9]. Eating habits and bruxism significantly improved in the weeks following treatment with BTX and worsened again when the toxin effect was wearing off. Therefore, saliva reduction may also give benefits on different clinical aspects. Eating could become indeed easier for patients having less retention of saliva. Interestingly, bruxism also improved after drooling reduction. We could speculate that an excessive amount of saliva may enhance jaw-closing movements; therefore, a decrease in salivation may improve bruxism. However, a masticatory muscle relaxation due to BTX spreading from parotid glands can not be excluded [12]. Unfortunately, our study did not show a correlation between drooling production and respiratory performances, although we found a slight tendency of dyspnoea improvement after BTX treatment.

Results of the present study are restricted just to the first treatment with incobotulinumtoxin A. Actually, BTX injections can be performed recurrently with efficacy and safely [13] in different neurological disorders and it is reasonable that patients with RS can be treated regularly in case of excessive drooling.

Hypersalivation in RS is likely related to severe swallowing difficulties and contributes to complication of oral motor functions. This study is limited by the small number of patients, but our results would suggest that BTX injection in salivary glands is safe and effective in reducing saliva production in RS. Moreover, patients would also benefit from the treatment for more oral motor problems possibly related to hypersalivation like eating difficulties and bruxism. More extensive studies are needed to confirm these data. In conclusion, BTX treatment for sialorrhea in patients with RS should be encouraged because it is effective and safe and it may also improve important oral motor functions.