Abstract
The construction of shallow tunnels induces a settlement trough on both the transverse and longitudinal profile, which could cause severe damages to nearby tunnels and buildings. In the design stage, predictions of the resulted soil subsidence are important, especially if the tunnel is located in densely populated zones. Several authors proposed different methods for this task. However, the accuracy of the methods depends on the geotechnical features and the tunnel layout, and the prediction methods vary a lot. This study reports the result of an analysis carried out to predict the surface settlement induced by slurry shield in sandy cobbles through using different predicting methods (analytical, empirical and 3D numerical method). Before the prediction, a series of large-scale triaxial compression tests were performed to carefully calibrate the constitutive parameters of sandy cobbles. Different predictions were then compared with the measured data from Lanzhou Metro line 1, the result of which indicates the validity and the limitation of the applied methods. Conclusions about the applicability of the methods were drawn to provide insight in future projects with similar ground conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Oteo C, Moya, JF (1979) Estimation of the soil parameters of Madrid in relation to the tunnel construction. In: Proc 7th Euro conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, vol 3, Brighton, pp 239–247
Sagaseta C, Moya JF, Oteo C (1980) Estimation of ground subsidence over urban tunnels. In: Proc 2nd conference on ground movement and structure, Cardiff, pp 331–344
Peck RB (1969) Deep excavations adn tunneling in soft ground. In: 7th International Conferrence on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City, pp 225–290
Atkinson JHPDM (1977) Subsidence above shallow tunnels in soft ground. J Geotech Eng Div 103:307–325
Sagaseta C (1987) Analysis of undraind soil deformation due to ground loss. Géotechnique 37:301–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.3.301
Verruijt A, Booker JR (1996) Surface settlements due to deformation of a tunnel in an elastic half plane. Géotechnique 46:753–756. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.4.753
Loganathan N, Poulos HG (1998) Analytical prediction for tunneling-induced ground movements in clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:846–856. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(846)
Bobet A (2001) Analytical solutions for shallow tunnels in saturated ground. J Eng Mech 127:1258–1266. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127:12(1258)
Park KH (2004) Elastic solution for tunneling-induced ground movements in clays. Int J Geomech 4:310–318. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2004)4:4(310)
Park K-H (2005) Analytical solution for tunnelling-induced ground movement in clays. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 20:249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.08.009
Pinto F, Whittle AJ (2014) Ground movements due to shallow tunnels in soft ground. I: analytical solutions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140:4013040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000948
Pinto F, Zymnis DM, Whittle AJ (2014) Ground movements due to shallow tunnels in soft ground. II: analytical interpretation and prediction. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140:4013041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000947
Melis M, Medina L, Rodríguez JM (2002) Prediction and analysis of subsidence induced by shield tunnelling in the Madrid Metro extension. Can Geotech J 39:1273–1287. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-073
Migliazza M, Chiorboli M, Giani GP (2009) Comparison of analytical method, 3D finite element model with experimental subsidence measurements resulting from the extension of the Milan underground. Comput Geotech 36:113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.005
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC, Konstantinidis GK (2014) Numerical assessment of subsidence and adjacent building movements induced by TBM-EPB tunneling. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140:4014061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001166
Kasper T, Meschke G (2004) A 3D finite element simulation model for TBM tunnelling in soft ground. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 28:1441–1460. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.395
Likitlersuang S, Surarak C, Suwansawat S et al (2014) Simplified finite-element modelling for tunnelling-induced settlements. Geotechnical Research 1:133–152. https://doi.org/10.1680/gr.14.00016
Mathew GV, Lehane BM (2013) Numerical back-analyses of greenfield settlement during tunnel boring. Can Geotech J 50:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0358
Zhu C, Li N (2017) Prediction and analysis of surface settlement due to shield tunneling for Xi’an Metro. Can Geotech J 54:529–546. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0166
Hamza M, Ata A, Roussin A (1999) Ground movements due to the construction of cut-and-cover structures and slurry shield tunnel of the Cairo Metro. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 14:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00044-9
Mooney MA, Grasmick J, Kenneally B et al (2016) The role of slurry TBM parameters on ground deformation: field results and computational modelling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 57:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.007
Hajjar M, Nemati Hayati A, Ahmadi MM et al (2015) Longitudinal settlement profile in shallow tunnels in drained conditions. Int J Geomech 15:4014097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000447
Rodrı´guez-Roa F (2002) Ground subsidence due to a shallow tunnel in dense sandy gravel. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128:426–434. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:5(426)
Huang JZ, Zhang Y, Ouyang XW et al (2019) Lagged settlement in sandy cobble strata and earth pressure on shield tunnel. Math Biosci Eng 16:6209–6230. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2019309
Fang Y, Wang J, He C et al (2014) Impact of shield tunneling on adjacent spread foundation on sandy cobble strata. J Mod Transport 22:244–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-014-0062-y
Gao M-z, Zhang Z-l, Qiu Z-q et al (2018) The mechanism of hysteretic ground settlement caused by shield tunneling in mixed-face conditions. Geomech Geophys Geo-energ Geo-resour 4:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-017-0074-2
Zhang ZX, Zhang H, Yan JY (2013) A case study on the behavior of shield tunneling in sandy cobble ground. Environ Earth Sci 69:1891–1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2021-4
Lake LM, Rankin WJ, Hawley J (1996) Prediction and Effects of Ground Movements Caused by Tunnelling in Soft Ground beneath Urban Areas: Pr030. Construction Industry Research & Information Association (CIRIA)
Fritz P (2007) Additives for slurry shields in highly permeable ground. Rock Mech Rock Engng 40:81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0090-y
Sramoon A, Sugimoto M, Kayukawa K (2002) Theoretical model of shield behavior during excavation. II: application. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128:156–165. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:2(156)
Krause T (1987) Schildvortrieb mit fl€uussigkeitsund erdgest€uutzter Ortsbrust. Doctoral, Dissertation TU Braunschsweig
González C, Sagaseta C (2001) Patterns of soil deformations around tunnels. Application to the extension of Madrid Metro. Comput Geotech 28:445–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00007-6
Attewell PB, Woodman JP (1982) Predicting the dynamics of ground settlements and its derivatives by tunnelling in soil. Ground Eng 15:13–22
Addenbrooke TI, Potts DM (2001) Twin tunnel interaction: Surface and subsurface effects. Int J Geomech 1:249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15323640108500155
Divall S, Goodey RJ, Stallebrass SE (2017) Twin-tunnelling-induced changes to clay stiffness. Géotechnique:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.sip17.P.151
Divall S, Goodey RJ, Taylor RN Ground movements generated by sequential twin-tunnelling in over-consolidated clay. Delft University of Technology, Deltares, Delft
Divall S, Goodey RJ (2015) Twin-tunnelling-induced ground movements in clay. Proc Inst Civ Eng—Geotech Eng 168:247–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.14.00054
Banerjee SK, Chakraborty D (2018) Behavior of twin tunnels under different physical conditions. Int J Geomech 18:6018018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001216
Chen S-L, Gui M-W, Yang M-C (2012) Applicability of the principle of superposition in estimating ground surface settlement of twin- and quadruple-tube tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 28:135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.10.005
Suwansawat S, Einstein HH (2007) Describing settlement troughs over twin tunnels using a superposition technique. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133:445–468. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(445)
Djelloul C, Karech T, Demagh R et al (2018) 2D numerical investigation of twin tunnels-Influence of excavation phase shift. Geomech Eng 16:295. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.3.295
Maynar MM, Rodriguez LM (2005) Predicted versus measured soil movements induced by shield tunnelling in the Madrid Metro extension. Can Geotech J 42:1160–1172. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-043
Zhao C, Lavasan AA, Barciaga T et al (2015) Model validation and calibration via back analysis for mechanized tunnel simulations—The Western Scheldt tunnel case. Comput Geotech 69:601–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.07.003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, S., Li, C., Wang, D. et al. Surface Settlement Induced by Slurry Shield Tunnelling in Sandy Cobble Strata—A Case Study. Indian Geotech J 51, 1349–1363 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-021-00543-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-021-00543-6