Abstract
This paper describes the effect of basement excavation and foundation loading on tunnel in sand. Typical tunnel geometry of Delhi Metro and soil conditions in part of Delhi (Yamuna Sand) are considered for modelling. The construction sequences of tunnel excavations, basement footing with retaining wall and the loading on footing have been numerically simulated using plane strain assumption in PLAXIS 2D. Basement foundation, retaining wall, sheet pile and support struts are modelled simulating the construction sequence that is normally adopted in practice. The soil is assumed as elastic-perfectly plastic material, and its failure is governed by Mohr–Coulomb criterion. The tunnel lining, footing, sheet pile, wall and struts are assumed as linear elastic materials. The loading on the footing is modelled in several stages simulating different numbers of storeys for studying the effect of basement excavation and structure/foundation loading. The results indicate that the response of tunnel lining is significantly affected by various stages of basement excavation and foundation loading. Based on the several response parameters of tunnel lining, it is concluded that the critical distance between the tunnel edge and basement footing is found as 2.5 times the tunnel diameter within which the basement excavation and foundation loading have shown significant influence on tunnel response.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Peck RB (1969) Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering. State of the art volume. Societal Mexican de Mechanical de Solos, AC1969, pp 225–290
Juneja A, Hegde A, Lee FH, Yeo CH (2010) Centrifuge modelling of tunnel face reinforcement using forepoling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 25(4):377–381
Kitiyodom P, Matsumoto T, Kawaguchi K (2005) A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 29:1485–1507
Vineetha K, Boominathan A, Banerjee S (2017) TBM- ground interaction modeling. In: 19th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, pp 3311–3314
Loganathan N (2011) An innovative method for assessing tunnelling-induced risks to adjacent structures, PB 2009 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Monograph 25
Xu Q, Zhu H, Ding W, Ge X (2011) Laboratory model tests and field investigations of EPB shield machine tunnelling in soft ground in Shanghai. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 26(1):1–14
Benton LJ, Phillips A (1991) The behaviour of two tunnels beneath a building on build foundation. Deformation of soils and displacements of structures. X ECSMFE, Florence vol 2, pp 665–668
Higgins KG, Chudleigh I, St John HD, Potts DM (1999) An example of pile tunnel interaction problems. In: Kusakabe O, Fujita K, Miyazaki Y (eds) Proceedings of international symposium, on geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground, IS-Tokyo ’99, Balkema, pp 99–103
Calabrese M, Monaco P (2001) Analysis of stresses induced in an old deep tunnel by pile driving from the surface. FLAC and numerical modelling in geomechanics, France, pp 199–204
Schroeder FC, Potts DM, Addenbrooke TI (2004) The influence of pile group loading on existing tunnels. Géotechnique 54(6):351–362
Ayothiraman R, Arunkumar S (2011) Influence of vertical pile loading on existing tunnel lining in soft clay. In: 14th Australasian tunnelling conference Auckland: New Zealand, pp 1–13
Singh P (2011) The influence of pile loading on existing tunnel, M.Tech thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Sharma A (2013) Influence of Pile on Existing Tunnels, M.Tech thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Liang R, Xia W, Huang M, Lin C (2017) Simplified analytical method for evaluating the effects of adjacent excavation on shield tunnel considering the shearing effect. Comput Geotech 81:167–187
Zhang X, Ou X, Yang J, Fu J (2017) Deformation response of an existing tunnel to upper excavation of foundation pit and associated dewatering. Int J Geomech ASCE 17(4):04016112
Liang R, Wu W, Yu F, Jiang G, Liu J (2018) Simplified method for evaluating shield tunnel deformation due to adjacent excavation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 71:94–105
Burford D (1988) Heave of tunnels beneath the shell centre, London, 1959–1986. Géotechnique 38(1):135–137
Chang CT, Sun CW, Duann SW, Hwang RN (2001) Response of a Taipei rapid transit system tunnel to adjacent excavation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16(3):151–158
Ge XW (2002) Response of a shield-driven tunnel to deep excavations in soft clay, PhD thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Science and Technology, HKSAR
Lo KY, Ramsay JA (1991) The effect of construction on existing subway tunnels—a case study from Toronto. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 6(3):287–297
Zheng G, Wei SW, Peng SY, Diao Y, Ng CWW (2010) Centrifuge modeling of the influence of basement excavation on existing tunnel. In: Proceedings of international conference physical modelling in geotechnics. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 523–527. ISBN: 978-0-415-59288-8
Ng CWW, Shi J, Hong Y (2013) Three-dimensional centrifuge modelling of basement excavation effects on an existing tunnel in dry sand. Can Geotech J 50(8):874–888
Huang X, Zhang D, Huang H (2014) Centrifuge modelling of deep excavation over existing tunnels. Proc ICE-Geotech Eng 167(1):3–18
Ng CWW, Shi J, Mašín D, Sun HS, Lei GH (2015) Influence of sand density and retaining wall stiffness on the three-dimensional responses of a tunnel to basement excavation. Can Geotech J 52:1811–1829
Dolezˇalová M (2001) Tunnel complex unloaded by a deep excavation. Comput Geotech 28(6–7):469–493
Sharma JS, Hefny AM, Zhao J, Chan CW (2001) Effect of large excavation on deformation of adjacent MRT tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16(2):93–98
Hu ZF, Yue ZQ, Zhou J, Tham LG (2003) Design and construction of a deep excavation in soft clay adjacent to the Shanghai metro tunnels. Can Geotech J 40(5):933–948
Karki R (2006) Effects of deep excavations on circular tunnels in fine-grained soils. M.Phil. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Zheng G, Wei SW (2008) Numerical analyses of influence of overlying pit excavation on existing tunnels. J Cent South Univ Technol 15(S2):69–75
Liu HL, Li P, Liu J (2011) Numerical investigation of underlying tunnel heave during a new tunnel construction. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 26(2):276–283
Huang X, Schweiger HF, Huang H (2013) Influence of deep excavations on nearby existing tunnels. Int J Geomech 13(2):170–180
Shi J, Ng CWW, Chen Y (2015) Three-dimensional numerical parametric study of the influence of basement excavation on existing tunnel. Comput Geotech 63:146–158
Shi J, Ng CWW, Chen Y (2017) A simplified method to estimate three-dimensional tunnel responses to basement excavation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 62:53–63
Sesharao P (2014) Influence of basement raft loading on existing tunnels, M.Tech Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Mahajan S, Asaf S, Ayothiraman R, Sharma KG, Ramana GV (2016) Numerical analysis on effect of basement raft loading on existing urban tunnel in soil on existing tunnels. In: Indian geotechnical conference IIT Madras, Chennai, India
Phienwej N (1997) The ground improvement in shield tunnelling in Bangkok soil. In: Proceedings 14th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, vol 3, pp 1469–1472
Ramasamy N (1992) Soft soil tunneling in Bangkok subsoil. M.Engg thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Ledesma A, Romero E (1997) Systematic back-analysis in tunnel excavation problems as a monitoring technique. In: Proceedings of 14th international conference in soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering, vol 3, pp 1425–1428
Palmer JH, Belshaw DJ (1978) Deformation and pore pressure in the vicinity of a precast, segmented concrete-lined tunnel in clay. Can Geotech J 17:174–184
Rowe RK, Lee KM (1992) Subsidence due to tunnelling. II Evaluation of a prediction technique. Can Geotech J 29:941–954
Loganathan N, Poulos HG (1998) Analytical prediction for tunnelling-induced ground movement in clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 124(9):846–856
Gunn MJ (1993) The prediction of surface settlement profiles due to tunneling predictive soil mechanics. In: Proceedings of the wroth memorial symposium, oxford Thomas Telford, London, pp 304–316
Addenbrooke T, Potts D, Puzrin A (1997) The influence of pre-failure soil stiffness on the numerical analysis of tunnel construction. Geotechnique 47(3):693–712
Masin D (2009) 3D modelling of a NATM tunnel in high K0 clay using two different constitutive models. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 135(9):1326–1335
Chen LT, Poulos HG, Loganathan N (1999) Pile responses caused by tunnelling. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 125(3):207–215
Usmani A, Ramana GV, Sharma KG (2011) Experimental evaluation of shear strength behavior of Delhi silt under static loading conditions. J Mater Civ Eng ASCE 23(5):533–541
Hsiung BCB, Tsai YY, Tsai CC (2010) Analysis and construction of cross passage of Delhi Metro. In: Indian geotechnical conference, Bombay, pp 747–750
Schedule of Dimensions issued by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited for Airport Metro Express Line (2010)
Indian Standard IS: 1904 (1986) Code of practice for design and construction of foundations in soils: general requirements
Indian Standard IS: 16700 (2017) Code of practice for Criteria for Structural Safety of Tall Concrete Buildings
Wahls HE (1981) Tolerable settlement of the buildings. J Geotech Eng Div ASCE 107(11):1489–1504
Klepikov SN (1992) Performance criteria- Allowable deformation of buildings and damages. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering held at Rio De Janeiro/13-18 AOUT 1989
Land Transport Authority (2000) Code of practice for railway protection. Singapore: Development and Building Control Department, Land Transport Authority (LTA)
Buildings Department. Practice note for authorized persons APP-24 (2009) Technical notes for guidance in assessing the effects of civil engineering construction/building development on railway structures and operations. Buildings department of the government of HKSAR (BD)
Indian Standard IS: 456 (2000). Plain and reinforced concrete—code of practice
American Concrete Institute (2001) Control of cracking in concrete structures (ACI 224R-01). American Concrete Institute, MI, USA
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, India (EMR/2015/001874).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mahajan, S., Ayothiraman, R. & Sharma, K.G. A Parametric Study on Effects of Basement Excavation and Foundation Loading on Underground Metro Tunnel in Soil. Indian Geotech J 49, 667–686 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-019-00361-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-019-00361-x