Characterization of Lime-Treated Bentonite Using Thermogravimetric Analysis for Assessing its Short-Term Strength Behaviour
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Abstract
The recent research infers that the detailed characterization of lime-treated soils using analytical techniques enables better understanding of the complex soil–lime interaction mechanisms as well as the pivotal factors influencing the efficacy of lime treatment. In view of this, the present study focuses on evaluating the effects of lime treatment on the strength properties of sodium bentonite clay in terms of the variations in thermal characteristics derived by employing analytical thermogravimetric analysis. This technique is effectively used to monitor the consumption of free lime and evolution of new cementitious hydration products (viz., calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate), as well as detrimental lime carbonation phenomenon occurring in the sodium bentonite-lime composite during short-term curing. Based on the comparative evaluation of untreated and lime-treated sodium bentonite, variations in the weight loss corresponding to thermal decomposition of different chemical phases are estimated. The additional inferences from X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses substantiated the interpretations of thermogravimetric results regarding the lime stabilization mechanisms and consequent strength evolution in sodium bentonite-lime composites. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the comprehensive analysis of thermogravimetric results enables reliable interpretation of the soil–lime interaction mechanisms and the evolution of strength during curing.
Keywords
Lime stabilization Thermogravimetry Pozzolanic reaction Hydration products X-ray diffraction Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyAbbreviations
- ATR
Attenuated total reflectance
- ASTM
American society for testing and materials
- CAH
Calcium aluminate hydrate
- CASH
Calcium aluminate silicate hydrate
- CEC
Cation exchange capacity
- CH
Clay with high plasticity
- CSH
Calcium silicate hydrate
- DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry
- DTG
Derivative thermogravimetry
- DTGS
Deuterated triglycine sulfate
- FTIR
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- ICDD
International centre for diffraction data
- IR
Infrared
- LOI
Loss on ignition
- NBT
Sodium bentonite
- NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- OLC
Optimum lime content
- OLCpH
Optimum lime content as per Eades and Grim pH test
- OLCUCS
Optimum lime content as per 28-day unconfined compressive strength
- SSA
Specific surface area
- SSR
Sesqui-oxide ratio
- TG
Thermogravimetry
- TGA
Thermo gravimetric analysis
- UCS
Unconfined compressive strength
- UCS28-day
Unconfined compressive strength after 28-day curing
- XRD
X-ray diffraction
- XRF
X-ray fluorescence
Notes
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to CECRI-CSIR, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu which supported the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for determining chemical composition of materials in this study.
References
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