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Effect of various nanoparticle biodiesel blends on thermal efficiency and exhaust pollutants

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Abstract

The transport sector produces one-third of the world’s greenhouse gasses. World consumption of nonrenewable energy through vehicles increases the interest in studies of different nanoparticle biodiesel blend behavior in a diesel engine. In this research, a comprehensive approach is taken using a wide variety of appraised nanoparticles to make blends. The CI diesel engine's engine performance and emission characteristics are studied with Malaysian commercial fuel using various nanoparticles (TiO2, Al2O3, CuO, CeO2, CNT, and GNP) blend to discover the best one. 100 ppm of each nanoparticle is used to make a blend via the ultrasonic technique. Mechanical and emission performance is tested in diesel engines (Yanmar TF 120 M) with 100% engine load at variable engine speed (2100-900 rpm). Graphical presentation and comparison of each fuel blend are discussed in this paper. All the ternary blends have shown improved engine performance. Al2O3 has shown a 3.68% reduction in BSFC when compared to neat B10. The average highest BTE recorded is a 14.59% increase when the B10 + TiO2 blend is used, followed by CNT and CeO2. Al2O3 has shown a 21.84% and 86.20% reduction in CO and HC when compared to B10, while CNT and GNP have shown a 6.03% and 2.06% of reduction in NOx emission when compared with B10.

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Abbreviations

ASTM:

American Standard for Testing Materials

UN:

United Nations

DI:

Direct injection

CI:

Compression ignition

B10:

10% Biodiesel + 90% diesel

ppm:

Parts per million

Mr:

Molar mass

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

Al2O3 :

Aluminum oxide

CuO:

Copper oxide

CeO2 :

Caesium oxide

GNP:

Graphene nanoparticles

BP:

Brake power

BT:

Brake torque

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

HC:

Hydrocarbons

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Malaya and the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FP142-2019A-(FRGS/1/2019/TK03/UM/01/1). On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that this research has no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Energy Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Shahab Imran, M. Gul, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, M. A. Mujtaba, M. N. A. M. Yusoff & M. S. N. Awang

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan

    M. Gul

  3. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

    M. A. Kalam

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  1. Shahab Imran
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Appendix

Appendix

Uncertainty of the result when the engine is running at different speeds at full load using B10 (commercial diesel).

Uncertainty for BT(Nm) when using B10

Engine speed (rpm)

Three test runs

Min–Max value

Accuracy of the system ± 0.2 Nm

Average value

Percentage uncertainty (%)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Min

Max

Min – 0.2

Max + 0.2

Min

−

Max

+

2100

31.18386

31.18386

31.18386

31.18386

31.18386

30.98386

31.38386

31.18386

0.641357

0.641357

1800

32.4041

31.99735

32.26852

31.99735

32.4041

31.79735

32.6041

32.22332

1.252683

1.252683

1500

32.26852

32.13293

32.13293

32.13293

32.26852

31.93293

32.46852

32.17813

0.83163

0.83163

1200

31.99735

31.99735

31.99735

31.99735

31.99735

31.79735

32.19735

31.99735

0.625052

0.625052

900

30.37037

30.50595

30.50595

30.37037

30.50595

30.17037

30.70595

30.46076

0.879787

0.879787

Percentage uncertainty in the value of BT

0.846102%

0.846102%

Other Percentage uncertainties of different values when using B10:

Percentage uncertainty in the value of BSFC

1.6128%

1.6129%

Percentage uncertainty in the value of BTE

1.8345%

1.8346%

Percentage uncertainty in the value of CO2 emission

0.71%

0.71%

Percentage uncertainty in the value of CO emission

0.83%

0.83%

Percentage uncertainty in the value of HC emission

0.83%

0.83%

Percentage uncertainty in the value of NOx emission

1.14%

1.14%

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Imran, S., Gul, M., Kalam, M.A. et al. Effect of various nanoparticle biodiesel blends on thermal efficiency and exhaust pollutants. Int J Energy Environ Eng 14, 937–948 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-023-00557-1

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