Abstract
The performance and reliability of Internet is measured using different quantities. When the quantities measured are essential and have wide range of acceptance then they are called metrics. Performance metrics enable comparison and selection among the alternatives. In computer networks, metrics are used to evaluate an application, protocol etc. Routing in adhoc networks is nontrivial. Routing protocols for adhoc networks are still evolving and there is need for continuous evaluation of them. In the literature existing, several routing protocols are evaluated using standard metrics under different conditions. This paper proposes new metrics for evaluation of routing protocols and uses them to evaluate the adhoc network routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV and TORA. Simulation environment is created using NS-2 simulator. Typical range of speeds, pause times and data rates are used. The results provide new insights in to the working of the routing protocols.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
L. Ciavattone, R. Geib, A. Morton, M. Wieser, Test plan and results supporting advancement of RFC 2679 on the standards track, internet draft, 6 Sept 2012
A. Morton, E. Stephan, Spatial composition of metrics, RFC 6049, Jan 2011
R. Geib, A. Morton, R. Fardid, A. Steinmitz, IP performance metrics (IPPM) standard advancement testing, RFC 6576, March 2012
S. Moada, M.T. Hansen, R. Jurdak, B. Kusy, N. Bouabdallah, Load balancing metric with diversity for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks, Proc. of international symposium on intelligent systems techniques for adhoc and wireless sensor networks, 5, Published in Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier, 2011
R. MadhanMohan, K. Selvakumar, Power controlled routing in wireless adhoc networks using cross layer approach. Egypt. Inform. J. 13(2), 95 (2012)
S. Abdelaziz, M. ElNainay, Metric-based taxonomy of routing protocols for cognitive radio adhoc networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 40, 151 (2013)
T.T. Son, H.L. Minh, G. Sexton, N. Aslam, A novel encounter-based metric for mobile ad-hoc networks routing. Elsevier J. Ad-Hoc. Netw. 14, 2 (2014)
V.C.M. Borges, M. Curado, E. Monteiro, Cross-layer routing metrics for mesh networks: current status and research directions. Elsevier J. Comput. Commun. 34(6), 681 (2011)
S. Corson, J. Macker, Mobile adhoc networking (MANET): routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations, RFC 2501, Jan 1999
C.E. Perkins, P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, Proc. of SIGCOMM ’94 conference on communications architectures, protocols and applications, pp. 234–244, Aug 1994
C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das, Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing, RFC 3561, July 2003
D.B. Johnson, D.A. Maltz, Y-C. Hu, The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile adhoc networks (DSR), internet draft, 19 July 2004
V. Park, S. Corson, Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA) version 1, functional specification IETF, internet draft, 1998
I. Ta Lee, G.-L. Chiou, S.-R. Yang, A cooperative multicast routing protocol for mobile adhoc networks. Elsevier J. Comput. Netw. 55(10), 2407 (2011)
L. Mokdad, J.B. Othman, B. Yahya, S. Niagne, Performance evaluation tools for QoS MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Elsevier J. Adhoc. Netw. 12, 86 (2014)
S.P. Mazumdar, S.K. Bose, W.-D. Zhong, Multicast least cost anypath routing: route cost calculations and forwarding, IEEE Commun. 16(10), 1652 (2012)
L. Chen, W.B. Heinzelman, A survey of routing protocols that support QoS in mobile adhoc networks. IEEE Transact. Netw. 21(6), 30 (2007)
J. Dong, R. Curtmola, C. Nita-Rotaru, Secure high-throughput multicast routing in wireless mesh networks. IEEE Transact. Mobile Comput. 10(5), 653 (2011)
J. Ni, H. Xie, S. Tatikonda, Y.R. Yang, Efficient and dynamic routing topology inference from end-to-end measurements. IEEE/ACM Transact. Netw. 18(1), 123 (2010)
C.J. Alpert, A. Devgan, C.V. Kashyap, RC delay metrics for performance optimization. IEEE Transact. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuit Syst. 20(5), 571 (2001)
J. Broch, D.A. Maltz, D.B. Johnson, Y.C. Hu, J. Jetcheva, A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless adhoc network routing protocols, Proc. of ACM/IEEE international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom), October 1998
P. Johansson, T. Larsson, N. Hedman, B. Mielczarek, Routing protocols for mobile adhoc networks—a comparative performance analysis, Proc. of International conference on mobile computing and networking, pp. 195–206, August 1999
S.R. Das, C. Perkins, E. Royer, Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for adhoc networks, Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM 2000, March 2000
M. Morshed, Md. H. Rahman, Md. R.R. Mazumder, F.I.S. Ko, D. Lim, J. Ghosh, Performance evaluation of DSDV and AODV routing protocols in mobile adhoc networks, Proc. of International conference on new trends in information science and service science, May 11–13, 2010
I. Khan, Performance evaluation of adhoc routing protocols for vehicular adhoc networks, Thesis of Master of Computer Science (Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, 2009)
S. Mahamuni, V. Mishram, M.V. Wadhai, Performance evaluation of AODV routing protocol in cognitive radio adhoc network. Int. J. Wirel. Mobile Netw. 3(5), 65 (2011)
K. Kunavut, T. Sanguankotchakorn, Performance evaluation of adhoc routing protocols to deliver MPEG-4 traffic, 12th IEEE International conference on communication technology, November 11–14, 2010
P. Nand, Probability based improved broadcasting for AODV routing protocol, Proc. of computational intelligence and communication networks, Gwalior, p 621, 2011
P. Vijayakumar, T. Poongkuzhali, Efficient power aware broadcasting technique of mobile adhoc network, Proc. of international conference on communication technology and system design, 30, 2012, Procedia Computer Scienceadhoc, Elsevier
V. Geetha, P.V. Kollapur, S. Tellajeera, Clustering in wireless sensor networks: performance comparison of LEACH and LEACH-C protocols using NS2, Proc. of 2nd international conference on computer, communication, control and information technology, Procedia Computer Scienceadhoc, Elsevier, 25–26 February, 2012
S. Mohapatra, P. Kanungo, Performance analysis of AODV, DSR, OLSR, and dsdv routing protocols using NS2 simulator, Proc. of international conference on communication technology and system design, 30, Procedia Computer Scienceadhoc, Elsevier, 2011
P. Berenbrink, C. Cooper, Z. Hu, Energy efficient randomised communication in unknown adhoc networks. Elsevier J. Theor. Comput. Sci. 410(27–29), 2549–2561 (2009)
K.R. Anupamma, S. Balasubramanian, A multicast protocol for adhoc networks, IEEE international conference on personal wireless communications, December 2002
R. Bai, K.Y. Lexington, M. Singhal, DOA: DSR over AODV routing for mobile adhoc networks. IEEE Transact. Mobile Comput. 5(10), 1403 (2006)
H. Zafar, D. Harle, I. Andonovic, Y. Khawaja, Performance evaluation of shortest multipath source routing scheme. IET Commun. 3(5), 700 (2009)
G. Vara Prasad, Lifetime enhancement routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networks. IET Commun. 5(1), 119 (2011)
Li Li, M.M. Buddhikot, C. Chekuri, K. Guo, Routing bandwidth guaranteed paths with local restoration in label switched networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 23(2), 437 (2011)
F. Ducatelle, Adaptive routing in ad hoc wireless multi-hop networks, PhD thesis, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Lugano, Switzerland
K. Fall, K. Varadhan, NS Manual, November 2011
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reddy, P.C. New Routing Metrics for ADHOC Network Routing Protocols. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B 95, 351–361 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-014-0116-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-014-0116-x