Skip to main content
Log in

Geoengineering Evaluation of Cut Slopes Along a Landslide-Prone Road Section in the Himalayas

  • Case Study
  • Published:
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The road networks in highly rugged landscape of the Himalayas exhibit numerous sets of discontinuities within the rock mass and are prone to landslides at different scales. These roads serve as essential transportation corridors to pilgrims and tourist destinations and play a vital role in developing socioeconomic activities. In the present study, stability assessment of road cut slopes along national highway-107 (NH-107) from Rudraprayag to Gaurikund is undertaken. Vulnerable engineered rock slopes are characterized by various rock mass classification schemes, including Slope Mass Rating (SMR), Q-Slope, and Slope Stability Rating (SSR). Accordingly, safe and effective geotechnical designing of engineered slopes are envisaged. The results obtained by these methods are also correlated via a line graph. Kinematic analysis is performed to determine the probable slope failures associated with adversely oriented discontinuities. The stable excavation angle (β) without any requirement of reinforcement measures is also calculated for the 1% probability of failure. By considering the ongoing excavation for road widening, remedial measures are proposed to acquire safe geotechnical planning along the route.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D.J. Varnes, Slope Movement Types and Processes, Special Report 176, Landslides: Analysis and Control (TRB National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  2. I. Jamir, V. Gupta, V. Kumar, G.T. Thong, Evaluation of potential surface instability using finite element method in Kharsali Village, Yamuna Valley, Northwest Himalaya. J. Mt. Sci. 14(8), 1666–1976 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A.K. Naithani, in Natural Resources Conservation and Management for Mountain Development, eds by Tiwari and Dabral. Landslide in Garhwal Himalaya and its Mitigation (2000), pp. 219–244

  4. Sazid M (2019) Analysis of rockfall hazards along NH-15: a case study of Al-Hada road. Int. J. Geo-Eng. 10, 1 (2019)

  5. T. Siddique, S.P. Pradhan, Stability and sensitivity analysis of Himalayan road cut debris slopes: an investigation along NH-58, India. Nat. Hazards 93(2), 577–600 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. D. Dudeja, S.P. Bhatt, A.K. Biyani, Stability assessment of slide zones in Lesser Himalayan part of Yamunotri pilgrimage route, Uttarakhand, India. Environ. Earth Sci. 76(1), 2–18 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. V. Gupta, R.K. Bhasin, A.M. Kaynia, V. Kumar, A.S. Saini, R.S. Tandon, T. Pabst, Finite element analysis of failed slope by shear strength reduction technique: a case study for Surabhi Resort Landslide, Mussoorie township, Garhwal Himalaya. Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk 7(5), 1677–1690 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. S.P. Pradhan, V. Vishal, T.N. Singh, Finite element modelling of landslide prone slopes around Rudraprayag and Agastyamuni in Uttarakhand Himalayan terrain. Nat. Hazards 94, 181–200 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Siddique and Pradhan, Road widening along National Highway-58, Uttarakhand, India. Curr. Sci. 117(8), 1267–1269 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  10. V. Vishal, T. Siddique, R. Purohit, M.K. Phophliya, S.P. Pradhan, Hazard assessment in rockfall-prone Himalayan slopes National Highway-58, India: rating and simulation. Nat. Hazards 85(1), 487–503 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. N. Ramola, Y.P. Sundriyal, M.K. Puniya, V. Gupta, Large scale geological mapping and slope stability analysis of the pilgrimage route between Sonprayag and Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India. Himalyan Geol. 42(1), 163–174 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. Kumar, N.C. Agrawal, Geology of Srinagar-Nandprayag area (Alaknanda valley), Chamoli and Tehri Garhwal districts. Kumaun Himalaya. Uttar Pradesh. Himalayan Geology. 5, 29–59 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  13. G. Kumar, Geology of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal (Geological Society of India, Bangalore, India, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Z.T. Bieniawski, Engineering Rock Mass Classification (John Wiley & Sons, 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  15. M. Romana, J.B. Seron, E. Montalar, SMR Geomechanics Classification: Application, Experience and Validation. ISRM—Technology Roadmap for Rock Mechanics. (South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 2003)

  16. N. Bar, N. Barton, The Q-slope method for rock slope engineering. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50, 3307–3322 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Taheri, K. Tani, in 1st Canada-U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium. Rock slope design using slope stability rating SSR—application and field verification (Vancouver, Canada, 2007), pp. 215–221 (2007)

  18. Z.T. Bieniawski, Engineering classification of jointed rock masses. Transaction of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers. 15, 335–344 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  19. P. Jain, A.K. Naithani, L.G. Singh, D.S. Rawat, D.S. Subrahmanyam, Engineering geological and geotechnical assessment of the foundation of Yaragol Gravity Dam—a case study form India. J. Geol. Soc. India 97, 491–500 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A.K. Naithani, D.S. Rawat, L.G. Singh, P. Jain, Assessment of the excavatability of rock based on rock mass quality: a case study from India. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 36, 4015–4027 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Singh, M. Thakur, Landslide stability assessment along Panchkula-Morni road, Nahan salient, NW Himalaya, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 128, 148 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Z.T. Bieniawski, in Advances in Rock Mechanics 2, Part A. Geomechanics Classification of Rock Masses and its Application in Tunneling. (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1974).

  23. Z.T. Bieniawski, Case Studies: Prediction of Rock Mass Behaviour by the Geomechanics Classification. (Australian–New Zealand Conference of Geomechanics 2nd, Institution of Engineers, 1975), pp. 36–41

  24. Z.T. Bieniawski, in Proceedings of the Symposium, Exploration for Rock Engineering, vol. 1. ed. by Z.T. Bieniawski. Rock Mass Classification in Rock Engineering. (Balkema, Cape Town, 1976), pp. 97–106

  25. Z.T. Bieniawski, in Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the International Society of Rock Mechanics, vol. 2. The geomechanics classification in rock engineering applications. (Montreux, Switzerland; A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1979).

  26. ISRM, Suggested Methods for Determining Hardness and Abrasiveness of Rocks, in Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: ISRM Suggested Methods. ed. by E.T. Brown (Pergamon, Oxford, 1981), pp. 95–96

    Google Scholar 

  27. S. Yagiz, Predicting uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using the Schmidt hammer. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 68(1), 55–63 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Palmstrom, in 4th International Congress IAEG. The Volumetric Joint Count—A Useful and Simple Measure of the Degree of Jointing. (New Delhi, India, 1982).

  29. A. Palmstrom, Characterization of jointing density and the quality of rock masses. Intern. Rep. Norw. AB Berdal 26(3) (1974)

  30. N.R. Barton, V. Choubey, The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mech. 10(1–2), 1–54 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. E. Hoek, J. Bray, Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd edn. (Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981).

  32. S. Sardana, A.K. Verma, A. Singh, Laldinpuia, Comparative analysis of rockmass characterization techniques for the stability prediction of road cut slopes along NH-44A, Mizoram, India. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 78, 5977–5989 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Siddique, E.A. Khan, Stability appraisal of road cut slopes along a strategic transportation route in the Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 409 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. T. Siddique, M.E.A. Mondal, S.P. Pradhan, M. Salman, M. Sohel, Geotechnical assessment of cut slopes in the landslide-prone Himalayas: rock mass characterization and simulation approach. Nat. Hazards 104, 413–435 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Romana, in Proceedings International Symposium on the Role of Rock Mechanics ISRM. New Adjustment Ratings for Application of Bieniawski Classification to Slopes. (Zacatecas, 1985), pp. 49–53

  36. R. Tomás, J. Delgado, J.B. Serón, Modification of slope mass rating (SMR) by continuous functions. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. 44(7), 1062–1069 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Z. Chen, in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress by International Society of Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Recent developments in slope stability analysis. (Tokyo, Japan, 1995), p. 8

  38. T. Siddique, S.P. Pradhan, V. Vishal, T.N. Singh, Applicability of Q-slope method in the himalayan road cut rock slopes and its comparison with CSMR. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53(10), 4509–4522 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. ISRM, ISRM suggested methods: quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. Geomech. Abst. 15, 319–368 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. E. Hoek, C. Carranza-Torres, B. Corkum, in Proceedings of NARMS-TAC Conference. Hoek-Brown criterion-2002 edition. (Toronto, 2002), pp. 267–273

  41. E. Hoek, E.T. Brown, Practical estimates of rock mass strength. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 3(8), 1165–1186 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay, Modification to the geological strength index (GSI) and their applicability to stability of slopes. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. 36, 743–760 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay, A discussion on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and suggested modification to the criterion verified by slope stability case studies. Yerbilimleri (Earth Sciences). 26, 77–99 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. Taheri, A. Taheri, K. Tani, in 4th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium. A Modified Rock Mass Classification System for Preliminary Design of Rock Slopes. (2006), 8 pp.

  45. K.J. Douglas, The shear strength of rock masses. Ph.D. Thesis (University of New South Wales, Australia, 2002).

  46. A. Taheri, K. Tani, Assessment of the stability of rock slopes by the slope stability rating classification system. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 43, 321–333 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, India for providing instruments for the field and access to the laboratory.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tariq Siddique.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict or financial interest with this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Siddique, T., Mondal, M.E.A., Akbar, M.S. et al. Geoengineering Evaluation of Cut Slopes Along a Landslide-Prone Road Section in the Himalayas. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 103, 905–919 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-022-00655-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-022-00655-z

Keywords

Navigation