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Process Optimization of Antimicrobial Activity of Adhatoda vasica Against MDR Pathogens Using Response Surface Methodology

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species are the main causative agents of infections in a majority of both developed and underdeveloped countries hospitals. Medicinal plant-based antimicrobial agents can be used as an alternate source to treat microbial infection caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The present study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial properties of Adhatoda vasica plant leave methanolic extract against three MDR pathogens isolated from local hospital and identified using 16S rRNA, viz. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and A. pitti. In the present study, Soxhlet extraction methodology was used to optimize the bioactive compounds from A. vasica leaves. The ideal extraction parameters for the highest antibacterial activity in terms of zone of inhibition were duration (30 min), temperature (70 °C), and solid–liquid ratio (30 g/L) utilizing response surface methodology and central composite design (mm). Analysis of antimicrobial activity was performed against three MDR pathogens, namely S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and A. pitti, by using disk diffusion assay. GC–MS profiling revealed the presence of active phytochemicals such as 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, and phytol known for pharmacological importance. From the present work, it can be concluded that A. vasica extracts could be a viable source to combat infection caused by MDR pathogens in both community and hospital settings.

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Abbreviations

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

RSM:

Response surface methodology

CCD:

Central composite design

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

VRE:

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium

PRSP:

Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

ARB:

Antimicrobial resistance bacteria

AST:

Antibiotic sensitivity test

MHA:

Mueller–Hinton agar

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Chandigarh University for providing facilities.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India

    Mahavir Joshi, Vagish Dwibedi & Sukhminderjit Kaur

  2. School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India

    Santosh Kumar Rath

  3. American University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba

    Tulika Mishra

Authors
  1. Mahavir Joshi
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  2. Vagish Dwibedi
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  3. Santosh Kumar Rath
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  4. Tulika Mishra
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  5. Sukhminderjit Kaur
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Contributions

MJ and VD conceived the idea, designed the experiments, carried out the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. SR and TM helped in data analysis. SK supervised the work and edited the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sukhminderjit Kaur.

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Significance’ Statement

The plant extract was evaluated for its antimicrobial potential against clinical isolates. The clinical isolates were isolated which showed antimicrobial resistance against three or more antibiotics. The plant extract concentrations were optimized with the help of RSM. One of the aspects was to explore the potential of plant extract against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to evaluate the presence of various phytochemical in the plant extract.

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Joshi, M., Dwibedi, V., Rath, S.K. et al. Process Optimization of Antimicrobial Activity of Adhatoda vasica Against MDR Pathogens Using Response Surface Methodology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 94, 47–58 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-023-01504-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-023-01504-0

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