Abstract
Heavy mineral study of sediment samples collected from Gulf of Khambhat, off Alang, Gujarat, shows a predominance of opaque minerals represented by titanomagnetite, magnetite and ilmenite over non-opaque minerals like pyroxene and amphiboles and traces of sillimanite, zircon, garnet and monazite. The bulk sediments contain up to 28.5% of heavy minerals with an average of 12.5%. Within the heavy minerals, more than 50% are opaque in nature represented by titanomagnetite, magnetite and ilmenite. SEM–EDX studies on handpicked opaque grains indicated a higher concentration of vanadium up to 1.1%. The result of EDX studies was confirmed by AAS analysis of magnetic heavy mineral fraction that showed a concentration of vanadium up to 0.36%. Subsequently, XRD analysis of the heavy minerals of randomly selected samples revealed the presence of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite as well as the vanadium mineral phase, melanovanadate. EPMA studies carried out in titanomagnetite grains that revealed V2O3 content of 0.36–1.7% with an average of 1.3%. Based on the analytical studies, it is inferred that the vanadiferous titanomagnetites in the Gulf of Khambhat are possibly drained from Deccan basalt mainly through the Rivers of Narmada and Tapti.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rudnick R, Gao S (2003) Composition of the continental crust. Treat Geochem 3:1–64
Yaroshevsky AA (2006) Abundances of chemical elements in the Earth’s crust. Geochem Int 44:48–55
Choi C, Kim S, Kim R, Choi Y, Kim S, Jung HY et al (2017) A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 69:263–274
Petranikova M, Tkaczyk AH, Bartle A, Amato A, Lapkovskis V, Tunsu C (2020) Vanadium sustainability in the context of innovative recycling and sourcing development. Waste Manag 113:521–544
Solano-Alvareza W, Fernandez-Gonzalezb L, Bhadeshia HKDH (2019) The effect of vanadium alloying on the wear resistance of pearlitic rails. Wear 436–437:203004
IBM (2018) Vanadium, Indian Minerals Yearbook, 57th edition, Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur
Kelley K D, Scott C T, Polyak D E, Kimball B E (2017), Vanadium. In: Critical mineral resources of the United States - Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply, Professional Paper 1802 U, Schulz K J, De Young J J H, Seal Ii, R R, Bradley D C (ed), Reston, VA, p. 48
Dunn JA, Dey AK (1937) Vanadium titaniferous iron ores in Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj. Trans Mining Geol Inst 31:87
Roy S (1954) Ore microscopic studies of the vanadium titaniferous iron ores of Mayurbhanj with a detailed note on their texture. Proc Nat Inst Sc Ind 20:691–702
Bachi TC (1955) A note on the quartz vanadium anorthosite rocks of Du Blabera, Dt Singhbhum Bihar. Proc India Sc Cong 43:186
Saha A, Ganguly S, Ray J, Dhang A (2010) Vanadium titaniferous magnetite ore bodies of Ganjang Karbi-Anglong district, northeastern, India. J Geol Soc India 76:26–32
Saha S, Banerjee S, Burly SD, Ghosh A, Saraswati PK (2010) The influence of flood basaltic source terrains on the efficiency of tectonic setting discrimination diagrams: an example from the gulf of Khambhat, western India. Sediment Geol 228:1–13
Saha S, Ghosh A, Burley S, Banerjee S, Saraswati P K (2006) Integrated geomorphic, sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis of an estuarine embayment: defining depositional geometries for understanding the Tapti reservoirs, offshore western India. In: Proc Geol Soc London, Petroleum Collaboration Conference, London, UK, pp 40
Saha S, Ghosh A, Burley S, Banerjee S and Saraswati P K (2007) Characteristics of tidal sand bars in the gulf of Khambhat using satellite images and field mapping, western India. Search Discov
Saha S (2008) Modern and Pleistocene coastal sediments of the gulf of Khambhat - an analogue for understanding Oligo–Miocene hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Surat depression, In: Ph.D. thesis, IIT Bombay, Powai, India
Bhatt N, Bhonde U (2000) Geomorphic expression of late Quaternary sea-level changes along the southern Saurashtra coast, western India. J Earth Syst Sci 115:395–402
Carver R (1971) Procedures in sedimentary petrology. Wiley Inter science, New York
Loring DH, Rantala RTT (1992) Manual for geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth Sci Rev 32(32):235–283
Wechsler BA, Lindsley DH, Prewitt CT (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe3-xTixO4). Am Miner 69:754
Konnert JA, Evans HT (1987) Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of melanovanadite, a natural vanadium bronze. Am Miner 72:637
Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (2013) An introduction to the rock-forming minerals, 3rd edn. Berforts Information Press, Hertfordshire
Toplis MJ, Carroll MR (1995) An experimental study of the influence of oxygen fugacity on Fe–Ti oxide stability, phase relations, and mineral-melt equilibria in ferrobasaltic systems. J Petrol 36:1137–1170
Jang YD, Naslund HR, McBirney AR (2001) The differentiation trend of the Skaergaard intrusion and the timing of magnetite crystallization: iron enrichment revisited. Earth Planet Sci Lett 189:189–196
Freda C, Gaeta M, Misiti V, Mollo S, Dolfi D, Scarlato P (2008) Magma– carbonate interaction: an experimental study on ultrapotassic rocks from Alban Hills (Central Italy). Lithos 101:397–415
Blakemore R (1975) Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190:377–379
Kirschvink JL, Lowenstam HA (1979) Mineralization and magnetization of chiton teeth: paleomagnetic, sedimentologic and biologic implications of organic magnetite. Earth Planet Sci Lett 44:193–204
Frankel RB, Blakemore RP, Wolfe RS (1979) Magnetite in freshwater magnetotactic bacteria. Science 203:1355–1356
Gilder SA, LeGoff M (2005) Pressure dependence on the magnetic properties of titanomagnetite using the reversible susceptibility method. Advances in High-Pressure Technology for Geophysical Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 315–335
De A (1964) Iron-titanium oxides and silicate minerals of the alkali olivine basalts, tholeiites and acidic rocks of the Deccan Trap series and their significance. Int. Geol. Congress, New Delhi, India, Rep 22nd 455 sessions, III, pp 126–138
Murari R, Krishnamurthy P, Tikhonenko PI, Gopalan K (1993) Magnesian ilmenites in picrite basalts from Siberian and Deccan Traps–additional mineralogical evidence for primary melt compositions. Minr Mag 57:733–735
Melluso L, Sethna SF (2011) Mineral compositions in the Deccan igneous rocks of India: an overview. In: Ray J, Sen G, Ghosh B (eds) Topics in Igneous Petrology. Springer, Berlin, pp 135–160
Buddington AF, Lindsley DH (1964) Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic equivalents. J Petrol 5:310–357
Putnis A (1992) Introduction to mineral sciences. University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge, p 206
Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal Chemistry of the magnetite Ulvo¨spinel series. Am Miner 94:181–189
Bowles JFW, Howie RA, Vaughan DJ, Zussman J (2011) Rock-forming Minerals, 2nd edn. Geological Society, London, pp 403–437
Melluso L, De Gennerao R, Rocco I (2010) Compositional variations of chromiferous spinel in Mg-rich rocks of the Deccan traps India. J Earth Syst Sci 119:343–363
Melluso L, Beccaluva L, Brotzu R, Gregnanin A, Gupta AK, Morbidelli L, Traversa G (1999) Constraints on the mantle sources of the Deccan traps from the petrology and geochemistry of the basalts of Gujarat state (western India). J Petrol 36:1393–1432
Sethna SF and Sethna BS (1998), Mineralogy and petrogenesis of deccan trap basalts from Mahabaleshwar, Igatpuri, Sagar and Nagpur areas, India, In: Deccan Flood Basalts, Mem. Geol. Soc. India, vol 10, KV Subbarao (ed) Geological Society of India, Banalore, pp 69–90
Morimotto N (1998) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Am Miner 73:1123–1133
Sen G (1986) Mineralogy and petrogenesis of the deccan trap lava flows around Mahabaleshwar, India. J Petrol 27:627–663
Cohen TH, Sen G (1994) Fractionation and ascent of deccan trap magmas: An Experimental study at 6 kilobar pressure. Volcanism, Subbarao. Wiley, New York, pp 173–186
Acknowledgements
We thank the Director General, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, Deputy Director General and Head, Marine and Coastal Survey Division, GSI, Shri. A. Katari, Director & Supervisory officer and Shri. G. Nagendran, Director, GSI for their encouragement and support. Shri Gopalakrishna, NCEGR, is also acknowledged for helping in EPMA studies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing or conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gopakumar, B., Sarath, L.G., Soni, L.K. et al. The Occurrence of Vanadiferous Titanomagnetite in Offshore Sediments, Gulf of Khambhat, West Coast of India. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci. 93, 163–176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-022-00799-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-022-00799-4