Abstract
Implants made of AISI 316L stainless steel enjoy promising position because of their higher strength as compared to polymer based materials, and higher toughness as compared to the ceramic based implant. However, AISI 316L based implants often fail due to wear, corrosion, fatigue and bacterial infection in the human body. As most of the failures described above are surface dependent, they can be circumvented by tailorment of surface by modifying microstructure an/or composition of the near surface region of a component. Surface tailorment may be achieved by microstructural modification or application of another layer on the surface which may be termed as cladding or coating. High power laser beam may be used as a source of heat to melt the surface of solid substrate and improve its mechanical and chemical properties by grain refinement. The process may also be extended to modify surface composition by applying reactive gas. In the present contribution, a detailed overview of laser surface melting of AISI 316 L stainless steel with the possible application as bio-implant has been presented and the effect of shrouding environment on its characteristics, mechanical and chemical properties has been elaborated in details.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bauer S, Schmuki P, von der Mark K, Park J (2013) Engineering biocompatible implant surfaces Part I: materials and surfaces. Prog Mater Sci 58:261–326
Saini M, Singh Y, Arora P, Arora V, Jain K (2015) Implant biomaterials: a comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases 3(1):52–57
AZoM: Biomaterials Classifications and Behaviour of Different Types of Biomaterials (obtained from https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2630). Accessed 01 Mar 2018
Park JB, Lakes RS (2007) Biomaterials: an Introduction. Springer, New York
Dearnley PA (1999) A review of metallic, ceramic and surface-treated metals used for bearing surfaces in human joint replacements. In: Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers, 1999,– Part H—Journal of Engineering in Medicine 213 (2), pp. 107–135
Bronzino JD (2000) The biomedical engineering handbook Boca Raton, USA: Boca Raton: CRC Press
Ratner BD, Ratner BD (2004) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. https://isbndb.com/d/book/biomaterials_science_a01. Accessed 01 Mar 2017
Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27(9):1728–1734
Aksakal B, Yildirim OS, Gul HJ (2004) Fail Anal Prevent 4:17
Blackwood DJ (2003) Biomaterials: past successes and future problems. Corrosion Rev 21(2–3):97–124
Lawrence SK, Gertrud M (1925) Studies on the relationship of the chemical onstituents of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. J Exp Med 42(4):565–591
Scales JT, Winter GD, Shirley HT (1959) Corrosion of orthopaedic implants, screws, plates, and femoral nail-plates. J Bone Joint Surg 41B:810–820
Williams DF (1987) Review-tissue-biomaterial interaction. J Mater Sci 22:3421–3445
Sachiko H, Onodera E, Akihiko C, Katsuhiko A, Hanawa T (2005) Microstructure and corrosion behaviour in biological environments of the newforged low-Ni Co–Cr–Mo alloys. Biomaterials 26:4912–4923
Park JB, Lakes RS (1992) Hard tissue replacement II: joints and teeth. In: Biomaterials: an introduction. 2nd (ed.) New York: Plenum, pp. 317–354
Mudal UK, Raj B (2008) Corrosion science and technology: mechanism, mitigation and monitoring, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 283–356
Ismail KM, Jayaraman A, Wood TK, Earthman JC (1999) The influence of bacteria on the passive film stability of 304 stainless steel. ElectrochimActa 44:4685–4692
Kasemo B, Lausmaa J (1986) Surface science aspects on inorganic biomaterials. CRC Crit Rev Biocompat 2:335–340
Sivakumar M, Mudal UK, Rajeswari S (1994) Investigation of failures in stainless steel orthopaedic implant devices: fatigue failure due to improper fixation of a compression bone plate. J Mater Sci 13:142–145
Amel-Farzad H, Peivandi MT, Yusof-Sani SMR (2007) In-body corrosion fatigue failure of a stainless steel orthopaedic implant with a rare collection of different damage mechanisms. Eng Fail Anal 14:1205–1217
Geetha M, Singh AK, Asokamani R, Gogia AK (2009) Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants—a review. Prog Mater Sci 54:397–425
Budinsky KG (1988) Surface engineering for wear resistance. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 15–43
DuttaMajumdar J, Manna I (2011) Laser material processing. Int Mater Rev 56:341–388
Steen MW, Watkins K, Mazumder J (2003) Laser material processing. Springer, New York
Draper C, Poate J (1985) Laser surface alloying. Int Metals Rev 30:85–108
Flemings M (1974) Solidification processing. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York
Akgun OV, Inal OT (1885) Laser surface melting and alloying of type 304L stainless steel. J Mater Sci 30(23):6105–6112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01151534
Parvathavarthini N, Subbarao RV, Kumar S, Dayal RK, Khatak HS (2001) Elimination of intergranular corrosion susceptibility of cold-worked and sensitized AISI 316 SS by laser surface melting. J Mater Eng Perform 10(1):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1361/105994901770345277
Manivasagam G, Dhinasekaran D, Rajamanickam A (2010) Biomedical implants: corrosion and its prevention—a review. Recent Patents Corros Sci 2(1):40
Kumar A, Roy SK, Pityana S, Dutta Majumdar J (2015) Corrosion behaviour and bioactivity of a laser surface melted AISI 316L stainless steel. Lasers Eng 30:31
Kumar A, Roy SK, Pityana S, Dutta Majumdar J (2013) Surface characterization and wear behaviour of laser surface melted AISI 316L stainless steel. Lasers Eng 24:147
Roach P, Englin D, Rohde K, Perry CC (2007) Modern biomaterials: a review—bulk properties and implications of surface modifications. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 18:1263
Baier RE (2006) Surface behavior of biomaterials: the theta surface for biocompatibility. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:1057
Rosales-Leal JI, Rodríguez-Valverde MA, Mazzaglia G, Ramón-Torregrosa PJ, Díaz-Rodríguez L, García-Martínez O, Vallecillo-Capilla M, Ruiz C, Cabrerizo-Vílchez MA (2010) Effect of roughness, wettability and morphology of engineered titanium surfaces on osteoblast-like cell adhesion. Coll Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 365:222
Bozso F, Ert! G, Grunze M, Weiss M (1977) J Catal 49:18
Bozso F, Ertl G, Weiss M (1977) J Catal 50:519
D’Oliveira ASCM, Paredes RSC, Weber FP, Vilar R (2001) Mater Res 4(2):93–96
Brands EA, Brooks GB (2004) Smithells metals reference book. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp 8–23
Acknowledgements
Partial financial supports from Department of Science and Technology, N. Delhi, National Research Foundation, Pretotia (under DST-NRF bilateral scheme), and Department of Biotechnology, N. Delhi (Individual Scheme) for the said work are gratefully acknowledged. The experimental supports from CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa and Central Research Facility, IIT Kharagpur are also gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Majumdar, J.D., Kumar, A., Pityana, S. et al. Laser Surface Melting of AISI 316L Stainless Steel for Bio-implant Application. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci. 88, 387–403 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-018-0524-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-018-0524-4