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Production and Sanitary Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Irrigated with Domestic Wastewater Treated in Vertical Anaerobic Filters

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Abstract

Wastewater (WW) reuse has been identified as an alternative with the potential to reduce the pressure of irrigated agriculture on water resources. However, the limitation of WW reuse in agriculture is its poor quality. Thus, it is recommended to pretreat WW prior to their application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and sanitary quality of kales irrigated with effluent from domestic wastewater treated in vertical anaerobic filters. The performance of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was evaluated by analyzing the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), potassium (K) and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) in the influent and treated wastewater (TWW). Kale cultivation was performed in conventional (CCS) and vertical cultivation systems (VCS) in two cycles. Three treatments were used: T1, 100% TWW; T2, 100% of underground well water (UWW); and T3, 50% TWW and 50% UWW. The number of matured leaves (NML), commercial leaves fresh mass (CLFM) per plant, commercial leaves length (CLL) and sanitary quality of leaves were determined. The WWTP performed satisfactorily, providing TWW with acceptable quality for reuse in crop irrigation, with EC, TN, TP and K significantly below than that observed in influent. The NML, CLFM and CLL per plant were high in the T1 both for CCS and VCS, and significantly different than T2 in the cycle 2. The VCS had highest productivity and irrigation water use efficiency than CCS in both cycles. These observations highlight the positive benefits of application WW in irrigation crops.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Technical Professional Education (Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia Ensino Superior Técnico Profissional-MCTESTP, Mozambique) for the scholarship, the Lúrio University (Universidade de Lúrio; FCA—UniLúrio) for the trust and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior- CAPES, Brazil) for the support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), P.O. Box 18610-043, Botucatu, SP, 3780, Brazil

    V. S. J. Pitoro, R. M. Sánchez-Román, J. J. Guimarães & T. S. Lima

  2. Environmental Studies Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24 A, P.O. Box 13506-900, Rio ClaroRio Claro, SP, 1515, Brazil

    J. G. T. Queluz

  3. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Department of Rural Engineering, Lúrio University, Niassa Province, Km 32, Sanga District, Unango, EN, 733, Mozambique

    V. S. J. Pitoro

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  1. V. S. J. Pitoro
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Contributions

VSJP designed the experiment, analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. RMSR and JGTQ participated in the review of the manuscript. TLS participated in the collection and analysis of treated effluent samples, and JJG participated in the data collection concerning the development and production of plants.

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Correspondence to V. S. J. Pitoro.

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Pitoro, V.S.J., Sánchez-Román, R.M., Queluz, J.G.T. et al. Production and Sanitary Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Irrigated with Domestic Wastewater Treated in Vertical Anaerobic Filters. Agric Res 11, 229–239 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-021-00566-8

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